Evaluation of toxicity of medical devices using Spirotox and Microtox tests: I. Toxicity of selected toxicants in various diluents

Nałęcz-Jawecki, Grzegorz; Rudź, Beata; Sawicki, J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199704)35:1<101::aid-jbm10>3.3.co;2-g

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…SDS is an anionic detergent, known to disrupt membrane integrity (Gould et al 2000, Klocking et al 1994), and is, like cadmium, copper, and lead, a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‐approved reference contaminant (Klemm et al 1994). The 4‐h IC 50 concentration of SDS needed to inhibit the recovery of bioluminescence in P. lunula by 50% fits well with other reported sensitivities and variability in various organisms (Bierkens et al 1998, Gormly et al 1996, Gulec et al 1997, Hooten and Carr 1998, Kraus et al 1998, Langdon et al 1996, Lussier et al 1999, Nalecz‐Jawecki et al 1997, Villegas‐Navarro et al 1999). Phenanthrene has been used as a model substance to study the biological degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine microorganisms (Cullen et al 1994, Cuny et al 1999, Hayes et al 1999).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Effects of Metals and Organic Contaminants on the Recovery of Bioluminescence in the Marine Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis Lunula (Dinophyceae)1

Heimann

Matuszewski

Klerks

2002

Journal of Phycology

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Pyrocystis lunula Schütt is a unicellular photoautotrophic dinoflagellate, commonly found in marine environments, displaying circadian‐controlled bioluminescence. Because of this species' characteristics, effects of pollutants on bioluminescence in P. lunula may make for an easy and simple bioassay that would be valuable for toxicity testing and the protection of coastal resources. This study therefore investigated the short‐term effects of metals and organic pollutants on the recovery of the bioluminescent potential in P. lunula. Recovery of bioluminescence was strongly inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by all reference contaminants tested, the system being most sensitive to copper and cadmium (4‐h IC50s 0.96 and 1.18 μM, respectively), followed by phenanthrene, lead, SDS, and nickel (4‐h IC50s 1.64, 12.8, 15.6, and 73.1 μM, respectively), whereas relatively high concentrations of phenol were needed to elicit a response (4‐h IC50 1.64 mM). Except for exposure to lead and nickel, the inhibitory effects of cadmium, copper, and all organic pollutants were reversible, with P. lunula recovering 80%–100% of its bioluminescence potential after a period of 72 h in uncontaminated medium. Our results show that the restoration of bioluminescence in P. lunula is sensitive to the reference contaminants tested and obtains highly reproducible results.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Effects of Metals and Organic Contaminants on the Recovery of Bioluminescence in the Marine Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis Lunula (Dinophyceae)1

Heimann

Matuszewski

Klerks

2002

Journal of Phycology

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“…Toxicity has been measured by using small crustaceans such as Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), and marine luminescent bacteria [3]. Several different commercial systems have been used to determine acute toxicity, such as Microtox ® [2], Toxalert ® [3] and Spirotox [4]. Algal tests are also common [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of nonionic surfactants

Jahan

Balzer

Mosto

2008

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

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Nonionic surfactants are amphilic chemicals that enhance desorption and bioavailability by increasing solubility and dispersion of poorly soluble hydrocarbons and oils. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of commercial nonionic surfactants by using the Microtox ® Acute Toxicity test which is a rapid, simple test for toxicity. The test uses the luminescent bacterium V. fischeri as the test organism. Five common commercial nonionic surfactants Tergitol NP-10, Triton X-100, Igepal 630, Brij 35 and Tween 40 were used in the study. Light readings were taken initially as well as at 0 minutes, 5 minutes and 10 minutes to see how the toxicity of each surfactant changed with time. Experiments were conducted to determine the five-minute EC 50 values. EC 50 is the effective concentration that causes a 50% decrease in light output in a 5-minute exposure period. A higher effective concentration is interpreted as a lower toxicity. The critical toxic concentration (CTC) was also determined. Toxicity of the surfactants varied according to their difference in chemical structures and branching. EC 50 values were less than the CTC and CMC values of all select surfactants. Higher toxicity was shown by surfactant solutions that contained a benzene ring in comparison to the others.

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“…Micrographs were taken on a Nikon Optiphot-2 at a magnification of 20 ϫ using differential interference contrast optics (Nomarski) and Fuji Velvia slide film (50 ASA). Scale bar, 50 m. , Hooten and Carr 1998, Kraus et al 1998, Langdon et al 1996, Lussier et al 1999, Nalecz-Jawecki et al 1997, Villegas-Navarro et al 1999. Phenanthrene has been used as a model substance to study the bio-logical degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by marine microorganisms (Cullen et al 1994, Cuny et al 1999, Hayes et al 1999.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Metals and Organic Contaminants on the Recovery of Bioluminescence in the Marine Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis Lunula (Dinophyceae)1

Heimann¹,

Matuszewski²,

Klerks³

2002

J Phycol

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Pyrocystis lunulaSchütt is a unicellular photoautotrophic dinoflagellate, commonly found in marine environments, displaying circadian-controlled bioluminescence. Because of this species' characteristics, effects of pollutants on bioluminescence in P. lunula may make for an easy and simple bioassay that would be valuable for toxicity testing and the protection of coastal resources. This study therefore investigated the short-term effects of metals and organic pollutants on the recovery of the bioluminescent potential in P. lunula. Recovery of bioluminescence was strongly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by all reference contaminants tested, the system being most sensitive to copper and cadmium (4-h IC 50 s 0.96 and 1.18 M, respectively), followed by phenanthrene, lead, SDS, and nickel (4-h IC 50 s 1.64, 12.8, 15.6, and 73.1 M, respectively), whereas relatively high concentrations of phenol were needed to elicit a response (4-h IC 50 1.64 mM). Except for exposure to lead and nickel, the inhibitory effects of cadmium, copper, and all organic pollutants were reversible, with P. lunula recovering 80%-100% of its bioluminescence potential after a period of 72 h in uncontaminated medium. Our results show that the restoration of bioluminescence in P. lunula is sensitive to the reference contaminants tested and obtains highly reproducible results.

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Evaluation of toxicity of medical devices using Spirotox and Microtox tests: I. Toxicity of selected toxicants in various diluents

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of Metals and Organic Contaminants on the Recovery of Bioluminescence in the Marine Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis Lunula (Dinophyceae)1

Effects of Metals and Organic Contaminants on the Recovery of Bioluminescence in the Marine Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis Lunula (Dinophyceae)1

Toxicity of nonionic surfactants

Effects of Metals and Organic Contaminants on the Recovery of Bioluminescence in the Marine Dinoflagellate Pyrocystis Lunula (Dinophyceae)1

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