Evaluation of two passive samplers for the analysis of organophosphate esters in the ambient air

Abstract

a b s t r a c tBoth polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated PUF (SIP) passive air sampling (PAS) methods were deployed and compared separately for the analysis of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in outdoor atmospheric environment. During an continuous period of 84 days, parallel samples were also collected by a high-volume active air sampler (HV-AAS) to assess the contamination levels and to calibrate uptake parameters of PAS. The total concentration of OPEs in both particulate and gaseous phases ranged from 1.50 to 5.64 ng m À 3 in ambient air. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the dominating analog, representing 78 79% of total OPE concentration. SIP-PAS showed longer linear-phase sampling period for TCPP, and accumulated more amount of the most volatile triethyl phosphate (TEP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) homologues, while similar sorption performances of both PAS methods were found for most of the semi-volatile OPEs. Linear sampling rates in PUF-PAS and SIP-PAS disks were calculated for individual OPEs except for TEP and TBP, and the average uptake rates (3.37 1.1 and 3.57 1.7 m 3 d À 1 , respectively) were close to the acknowledged value (4 m À 3 d À 1) for persistent organic pollutants. Besides, isotopic labeled D 15 -Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) could be used as a viable depuration compound to calculate site-specific sampling rates of OPEs, with a linear loss of up to ∼60% at the end of deployment time.

Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals

“…136 Direct side-by-side comparisons showed that this indeed increased the uptake capacity of the sampler and increased t linear . 137,138 Use of SIPs since has focused on neutral peruoroalkyl substances [139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146] and organosiloxanes, 147-149 because these groups of SVOCs comprise some relatively volatile substances. However, SIPs are also being used for SVOCs that had previously been sampled with PUF-PASs 150-152 as well as organophosphate esters 138 and ionic peruoroalkyl substances.…”

“…137,138 Use of SIPs since has focused on neutral peruoroalkyl substances [139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146] and organosiloxanes, 147-149 because these groups of SVOCs comprise some relatively volatile substances. However, SIPs are also being used for SVOCs that had previously been sampled with PUF-PASs 150-152 as well as organophosphate esters 138 and ionic peruoroalkyl substances. 153 The idea of adding XAD to a sorbent to increase its uptake capacity has since been used also for lter paper 154 and PDMS sheets.…”

Data relating to fate and transport of organophosphate ester flame retardants in indoor air and dust from Nepal

“…We used an average uptake rate of 3.3m 3 /d for calculating the concentrations of OPFR in air sample as suggested by Liu et al. [4]. Fig.…”

Progress on the passive air sampling techniques and occurrence of persistent organic pollutants in remote areas

“…SIP-PAS的R值可通过AAS校正法 [75,79] , 直接引用 PUF-PAS采样速率法 [54] 、DCs校正法 [26,77] 得到. 不同 研究中AAS校正法估算的SIP-PAS的R值(m [75,78~80] .…”

“…SIP-PAS与PUF-PAS的PUF盘几何尺寸相同, 因此PUF-PAS、SIP-PAS 同时进行采样时, 通过DCs法获得PUF-PAS的R值, 也 可同时应用于SIP-PAS [54] . 也有研究用DCs法分别校正 SIP-PAS和PUF-PAS的R值, Liu等 [26] 用SIP-PAS、PUF- .…”