Evaluation of United States-Licensed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immunoassays for Detection of Group M Viral Variants

Koch, Walter; Sullivan, Patrick S.; Roberts, Charles T.; Francis, Kori; Downing, Robert; Mastro, Timothy D.; Nkengasong, John N.; Hu, Dale J.; Masciotra, Silvina; Schable, Charles A.; Lal, Renu B.

doi:10.1128/jcm.39.3.1017-1020.2001

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Although most are validated on the common subtypes of HIV-1, evidence of their ability to detect every possible non-B subtype strain is inconclusive. 32,33 The genetic diversity of HIV-1 may also influence aspects of their pathogenesis, transmissibility, and immunogenicity. 34Y36 For example the familiar patterns of coreceptor use of subtype B strains may differ in subtype C, where use of CXCR-4 has rarely been detected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characterization of Diverse HIV-1 Strains in an Immigrant Population Living in New York City

Lin

Gaschen²,

Collie³

et al. 2006

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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New York City (NYC) is one of the original foci of the HIV-1 epidemic and has a greater number of AIDS cases than any other city in the United States. NYC also hosts the highest number of immigrants among the nation's cities: more than 2 million among a total population of 8 million. Such a high rate of immigration could act as a potential source for introducing and disseminating novel HIV-1 strains into the United States. Our current study focuses on the genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains circulating in an immigrant population in NYC. Of the 505 HIV-1-positive specimens obtained, 196 were available for viral sequencing from the C2 to V3 region of env. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum-likelihood and neighbor-joining methods demonstrated that non-B subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) accounted for 43.4% (85 of 196 cases), whereas the remaining 56.6% (111 of 196) cases had viral variants similar to the typical North American subtype B virus. Of those non-B subtypes and CRFs, subtype A and CRF02 dominated (63.5% combined); other subtypes, including C, D, F1, G, CRF01_AE, and CRF06_cpx, were also detected. Two HIV-1 sequences do not cluster with any known subtypes or CRFs. Furthermore, the distribution of non-B subtypes and CRFs was consistent with the countries of origin, suggesting that many of the study subjects were likely infected in their home country before they entered the United States. Subtype B viruses identified in the immigrant population showed no significant differences from the typical North American B subtype, however, indicating that a significant proportion of the immigrants must have been infected after they came to the United States. Public health officials and physicians should be aware of the growing genetic diversity of HIV-1 in this country, particularly in areas with sizable immigrant populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Characterization of Diverse HIV-1 Strains in an Immigrant Population Living in New York City

Lin

Gaschen²,

Collie³

et al. 2006

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…19 Furthermore, the screening tests are constantly being improved, which means that more and more assays detect most variants. 20,21 The fourth source of risk could be donations by donors who are chronic carriers of virus and have not developed antibodies. This occurrence of immunosilent infections in immunocompetent subjects is rare.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted viral infections in France between 1992 and 2000

et al. 2002

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“…These refinements have resulted in improved sensitivity and specificity and more-comprehensive detection of HIV subtypes, groups, and antibody isotypes. Furthermore, these EIAs often detect recent infection earlier than Western blotting (1,6,18,24,26,31,39). Algorithms using only EIAs have been used extensively in international settings with satisfactory results (6,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Algorithms for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Diagnosis Using Tests That Are Licensed in the United States

et al. 2008

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Serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the UnitedStates has traditionally relied on a sequential two-test algorithm: an initial screen with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and reflex testing of EIA-reactive specimens with a more specific supplemental test such as Western blotting or immunofluorescence. The supplemental tests are tedious, subjective, and expensive. In addition, there have been major improvements in the performance and accuracy of the EIA tests as well as the introduction of rapid serologic tests (RT) and HIV nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). Related to these improvements is the possibility that alternative algorithms using combinations of currently approved HIV tests may function as well as if not better than the current algorithm, with more flexibility, improved accuracy, and lower cost. To this end, we evaluated the performance of 12 currently licensed tests and 1 in-house HIV test (6 EIA, 4 RT, and 3 NAAT) on panels of plasma samples from HIV-infected (n ‫؍‬ 621 HIV type 1 [HIV-1] and 34 HIV-2) and uninfected (n ‫؍‬ 513) people and of sequential specimens from people early in seroconversion (183 specimens from 15 patients). Test combinations were analyzed in two dual-test (sensitivity-optimized and specificity-optimized) algorithms and in a three-test (tie-breaking) algorithm, and performance was compared to the conventional algorithm. The results indicate that alternative algorithm strategies with currently licensed tests compare favorably with the conventional algorithm in detecting and confirming established HIV infection. Furthermore, there was a lower frequency of discordant or indeterminate results that require follow-up testing, and there was improved detection of early infection.

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Evaluation of United States-Licensed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immunoassays for Detection of Group M Viral Variants

Cited by 30 publications

References 23 publications

Genetic Characterization of Diverse HIV-1 Strains in an Immigrant Population Living in New York City

Genetic Characterization of Diverse HIV-1 Strains in an Immigrant Population Living in New York City

Trends in residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted viral infections in France between 1992 and 2000

Alternative Algorithms for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Diagnosis Using Tests That Are Licensed in the United States

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