Evaluation of using pre-lithiated graphite from recycled Li-ion batteries for new LiB anodes

Sabisch, Julian E.C.; Anapolsky, Abraham; Liu, Gao; Minor, Andrew M.

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.10.029

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Currently, some research efforts have been made to develop the reuse process of graphite in the direction of energy storage applications shows the prospect of “recycle‐reuse” in the large‐scale process for the recycling industries to fulfill the recycling process. [ 30–34 ] Indeed, the anode part also contains lithium, and it should be recovered before reuse in other applications. [ 35 ] He and his co‐workers [ 36 ] optimized the hydrometallurgical process using HCl and H 2 O 2 as the lixiviant to recover the maximum lithium from the spent graphite.…”

Section: Research Progress Of the Graphite Reuse In Lab‐scale: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Natarajan

Aravindan

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

212

120

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diffuse between their layers, though only at prismatic surfaces as well as it is also possible via defect sites for the basal planes. The term "intercalation in graphite" refers to the incorporation of atomic or molecular layers of a guest species between the ordered graphite layers, and this process would be reversible and "topotactic" that endorses the different interlayer distance without changing the carbon atomic arrangement within the layer. The mechanism involved in the intercalation process is generally identified as "staging" where the lithium prefers to reside in the distant graphene layers first rather than picking the neighbor graphene layers as shown in Figure 1; however, Li-ions pick the gap of neighboring graphene layers to form a Li-C 6-Li-C 6 chain along the c-direction if the graphite is intercalated fully with a spacing of 0.430 nm. [3,4,6-8] As well, it is also proven that both hexagonal and rhombohedral graphitic phases could able to intercalate the lithium reversibly almost in the same storage capacities. Commercial graphite possesses a larger number of rhombohedral units, and that kind of graphene planes as a host will be more favorable to intercalate lithium. Many efforts have been made to clarify the intercalation mechanism of lithium into the graphite from various perspectives. The occurrence of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation is necessary for safe operation (since LiC 6 is known to be the strong reducing agent) of the cell regardless of any electrode/electrolyte contact and plays a decisive role in the capacity of the material. [9] It is well-known that the excess charge consumption for the graphite-based electrodes during the first cycle surpasses the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g-1 as a result of this passive layer formation, i.e., SEI, also attributed to the corrosion-like reactions of Li x C 6. The intercalated compounds are unstable similar to metallic lithium in the electrolytes which surface is protected by this formation of SEI layer that pays the excess charge consumption in the first cycle of the intercalation/deintercalation process. Generally, non-graphitic carbons which have not c-direction in the crystallographic order can be categorized as high (x > 1 in Li x C 6) and low (x = 0.5-0.8 in Li x C 6) specific charge carbons based on their reversible lithium storage properties. From the category of low-specific charge carbons, coke and turbostratic kind of carbons gain much attention for the Li-intercalation owing to their structural properties, which could overwhelm the development of Li x (solv) y C 6. Also, the coke-containing electrode unveiled the reversible Li-intercalation at ≈1.2 V versus Li during the first cycle, distinguishes from the insertion potential of graphite because of the disordered structure. High specific Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a key source for securing tons of raw materials that are valuable materials for LIB applications. However, the massive emerging volume of spent LIBs urgently needs a new management strategy to recy...

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Section: Research Progress Of the Graphite Reuse In Lab‐scale: Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Natarajan

Aravindan

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

212

120

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“…However, these techniques focus on cathode materials alone while largely overlooking the anode of the battery. In turn, anode recycling has so far focused mostly on the metal in the electrode, and only very recently has the focus shifted towards the recycling of graphite powders, which were reactivated via heat and chemical treatments and reused for constructing new LIBs [2,9,11–16] . It has also been demonstrated that graphene oxide can be successfully synthesized from SLIBs graphite, and even proposed that SLIB graphite is a suitable precursor material for graphene production with the battery cycling considered as a prefabrication step for graphite lattice expansion [17–19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent Li‐Ion Battery Graphite Turned Into Valuable and Active Catalyst for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

et al. 2021

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Employing Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics has become a necessity in the modern world but, due to the short application time for any given battery (1–3 years), the quantity of spent LIBs (SLIBs) waste is becoming substantial. Herein, a novel strategy for recycling SLIB graphite and reforming it as a valuable catalyst material for electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction was proposed. SLIB graphite has been used as a precursor material for graphite oxide, which was thereafter doped with nitrogen to prepare nitrogen‐doped graphene (NG‐Bat). The prepared NG‐Bat was characterized by various physical characterization methods and the electrochemical properties of the resulting catalyst material were investigated in alkaline media. It was found that NG‐Bat prepared from SLIB had superior physical and electrochemical properties in comparison to commercial nitrogen‐doped graphene. The findings clearly demonstrate the importance of the recycling of SLIB graphite and its great potential to be re‐applied for various applications.

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“…In addition, this approach paves the way for promoting urban mining and waste valorization, and it is particularly convenient for countries with scarce or no natural graphite resources . To date, only a few studies have focused on spent LIB anodes as starting material to prepare battery‐grade graphite . Four of them describe the performance of regenerated graphite as LIB negative electrode in half‐cell configuration and only one in full‐cell configuration, using LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as cathode material .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, only a few studies have focused on spent LIB anodes as starting material to prepare battery‐grade graphite . Four of them describe the performance of regenerated graphite as LIB negative electrode in half‐cell configuration and only one in full‐cell configuration, using LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as cathode material . The investigations of Rothermel et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11] To date, only af ew studies have focused on spent LIB anodes as startingm aterial to prepareb attery-grade graphite. [27][28][29][30] Fouro ft hem describe the performance of regenerated graphite as LIB negative electrode in half-cell configuration [28][29][30] and only one in full-cell configuration, using LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 as cathode material. [30] The investigationso fR othermel et al [30] are of special interestb ecause they involved an extensive study on recycled graphite from both as tructural anda ne lectrochemical point-of-view.T hey used ac ommercial LIB electrochemically cycled to 70 %s tate of health (SOH) to generate as tage like the end-of-life condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simple and Eco‐Friendly Fabrication of Electrode Materials and Their Performance in High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2020

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The huge consumption of rechargeable Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) make it necessary to recover and reuse the different components of spent batteries, thus favoring sustainable development. Graphite is a critical material in the manufacture of the current LIBs so recycling it should be prioritized in the management of spent batteries. In this work, graphite is manually recovered from spent batteries used in smartphones. The impurities from the different components of the batteries are drastically reduced by simple leaching with HCl. This treatment significantly improves the delivered specific capacity, with average values of 300 and 390 mAh g−1 without and with leaching, respectively. To test recycled graphite as an anode material in real cells, it is paired with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, the most promising cathode material for high‐voltage batteries. LiCl, produced directly by chlorination of spodumene, is used as the Li source to obtain the spinel sample. The real cell gives satisfactory values for both initial specific capacity (100 mAh g−1) and capacity retention after 100 cycles. These results are comparable to and in some cases even better than those for cells that use commercial graphite and conventional Li sources as primary raw materials. Moreover, the cell shows good performance during the rate capability test; the delivered capacity values decrease smoothly from 73 to 62 mAh g−1 while the rate increases from 0.1 to 1 C.

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Evaluation of using pre-lithiated graphite from recycled Li-ion batteries for new LiB anodes

Cited by 61 publications

References 11 publications

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Spent Li‐Ion Battery Graphite Turned Into Valuable and Active Catalyst for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

Simple and Eco‐Friendly Fabrication of Electrode Materials and Their Performance in High‐Voltage Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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