Evasion of host defense by in vivo-produced protoplast-like cells of the insect mycopathogen Beauveria bassiana

Abstract

In vivo cells (hyphal bodies) of the hyphomycetous insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana collected from host Spodoptera exigua larval hemolymph were osmotically sensitive and lacked a well-defined cell wall. In light and electron microscope studies, a galactose-specific lectin purified from S. exigua hemolymph, concanavalin A (specific for alpha-mannose), and a polyclonal antibody to B. bassiana cell walls all bound to surfaces of in vitro-produced B. bassiana blastospores; however, none of these probes labelled the thin layer of extracellular material covering the plasma membranes of hyphal bodies. These cells were observed freely circulating in S. exigua hemolymph at 36 h postinfection, although immunocompetent hemocytes were known to be present. Additionally, association of hyphal bodies with hemocytes in monolayers was significantly less than for opsonized in vitro blastospores or submerged conidia. The absence of antigenically important galactomannan components on in vivo cells may therefore allow these cells to escape recognition and phagocytosis. Lack of structural components (e.g., chitin, as evidenced by the absence of binding of wheat germ agglutinin) may also be important with respect to evasion of host cellular defense mechanisms. Production of wall material resumed 48 to 60 h postinfection and therefore may coincide with loss of phagocytic capabilities of the hemocytes due to immunosuppressive effects of fungal metabolites. The protoplast-like cells may be formed by the action of hydrolytic enzymes in the hemocytes or by inhibition of fungal cell wall synthetases.

Habitat Association in Two Genetic Groups of the Insect-Pathogenic FungusMetarhizium anisopliae: Uncovering Cryptic Species?

“…We suggest that individuals within a group have the capability to recombine. Several species of insect-pathogenic fungi grow as protoplasts in the hemolymph of an infected insect (25). Here there is the potential for protoplast fusion and genetic exchange.…”

Adhesion of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria ( Cordyceps ) bassiana to Substrata

“…No other carbohydrate tested appeared to compete with adhesion of blastospores or the other fungal cell types; this included trehalose, the major carbohydrate constituent found in insect hemolymph. In vivo-generated blastospores (distinct but similar to the rich broth-produced blastospores), produced during fungal proliferation in the insect hemolymph after penetration of the cuticle, are able to evade recognition by insect hemocytes and display altered membrane characteristics (19,20,30); however, the physiological significance of potential maltose inhibition of adhesion of these cells is unclear.…”

Could insect phagocytic avoidance by entomogenous fungi have evolved via selection against soil amoeboid predators?

“…Similar to the mammalian innate immune system, certain insect haemocytes are analogous to macrophages in that they encapsulate invading pathogens. However, M. anisopliae and B. bassiana have evolved mechanisms by which they avoid haemocyte encapsulation (Hou & Chang, 1985;Gotz & Boman, 1985;Bidochka & Khachatourians, 1987;Pendland et al, 1993;Wang & St. Leger, 2006). In an in vitro model system, these fungi can be phagocytosed by host cells, within which the fungal cells can survive and grow, eventually erupting from the host cell (Kurtti & Keyhani, 2008).…”