'Eve' and 'Ecstasy'. A report of five deaths associated with the use of MDEA and MDMA

Dowling, Graeme P.

doi:10.1001/jama.257.12.1615

Cited by 212 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…MDMA reportedly stimulates NE release in rodent brain preparations, a process blocked by the NET-selective inhibitor desipramine (Steele et al 1989;Lavelle et al 1999;Rothman et al 2001;Fitzgerald and Reid 1993), but not confirmed by microdialysis in vivo. MDMA reportedly also promotes tachycardia in rats and humans (Gordon et al 1991;Hayner and McKinney 1986), desipramine-sensitive vasoconstriction in vitro (Fitzgerald and Reid 1994), and cardiovascular mortality in humans (Dowling et al 1987). Additionally, MDMA has been linked to intracerebral hemorrhage (Harries and De Silva 1992), with cerebral hyperperfusion demonstrated in rat (Kelly et al 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MDMA (Ecstasy) and human dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters: implications for MDMA-induced neurotoxicity and treatment

2005

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Rationale: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, designated as "Ecstasy" if illicitly marketed in tablet form) induces significant decrements in neuronal serotonin (5-HT) markers in humans, nonhuman primates, and rats as a function of dosing and dosing regimen. In rats, MDMA-mediated effects are attributed, in part, to selective high-affinity transport of MDMA The affinity of MDMA for the human SERT in transfected cells does not clarify the apparent selective toxicity of MDMA for serotonin neurons, although conceivably, its higher efficacy for stimulating 5-HT release may be a distinguishing factor. The findings highlight the need to investigate MDMA effects in DAT-, SERT-, and NET-expressing neurons in the primate brain and the therapeutic potential of NET or DAT inhibitors, in addition to SERT-selective inhibitors, for alleviating the pharmacological effects of MDMA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MDMA (Ecstasy) and human dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters: implications for MDMA-induced neurotoxicity and treatment

2005

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“…This drug, popularly known as 'Eve' is 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine. It first appeared as a legal substitute ('designer drug') when MDMA was banned in 1985 in the USA and is reported as having milder, but similar, effects [2]. In the UK the hallucinogenic amphetamines have been classified as Schedule I drugs since 1971 (prescription by medical practitioners prohibited) but in recent years their illicit use has increased, particularly as a 'dance drug' [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the UK the hallucinogenic amphetamines have been classified as Schedule I drugs since 1971 (prescription by medical practitioners prohibited) but in recent years their illicit use has increased, particularly as a 'dance drug' [3]. The first death associated with 'Ecstasy' was reported in the popular press in August 1985 [4] and with 'Eve' in 1987 [2] (see Table I), both cases occurring in the USA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperthermia associated with 3,4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (‘Eve’)

1993

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SummaryA patient was admitted kith hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, rhabdomyolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. He was initially thought to have taken 3.4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( M D M A . 'Ecstasy'), but subsequent toxicology revealed the presence of 3.4-methylenedioxyethamphetarnine (MDEA, 'Eve'), its sister drug, in his blood. Subsequent in vitro testing for malignant hyperthermia proved to be negative.

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“…Na mesma época, a Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), dos EUA, restringiu severamente o uso da MDMA colocandoa na lista de substâncias proibidas e sem uso clínico. Foi classificada como a heroína e o LSD devido ao seu uso freqüente e às semelhanças químicas e de efeitos clínicos com a MDMA, a qual produz degeneração serotonérgica no sistema nervoso central (SNC) 9,22,45,46 .…”

Section: Como é Usado O "êXtase"unclassified

"Êxtase": revisão farmacológica

1998

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Neste estudo fez-se uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a 3,4- metilenodioximetan-fetamina (MDMA), mais conhecida como "êxtase", uma droga em expansão de abuso entre os jovens. Descreve-se o histórico, desde sua síntese até seu uso inicial como auxiliar em psicoterapia e, mais recentemente, como droga de abuso. Apresenta-se o perfil de uso em outros países, tentando prever o possível padrão de uso no Brasil, onde já se iniciou o abuso. O detalhamento sobre a farmacocinética da MDMA visa a justificar as conseqüências sobre a atividade farmacológica e toxicológica. Resumem-se as manifestações clínicas de toxicidade a curto e a médio prazo, descrevendo-se os efeitos na intoxicação grave com o "êxtase". São apresentados os estudos dos mecanismos de ação no sentido de justificar seus efeitos tóxicos psíquicos e físicos, detalhar os mecanismos pelos quais a droga é auto-administrada e as possibilidades terapêuticas para reverter os efeitos.

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'Eve' and 'Ecstasy'. A report of five deaths associated with the use of MDEA and MDMA

Cited by 212 publications

References 13 publications

MDMA (Ecstasy) and human dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters: implications for MDMA-induced neurotoxicity and treatment

MDMA (Ecstasy) and human dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin transporters: implications for MDMA-induced neurotoxicity and treatment

Hyperthermia associated with 3,4‐methylenedioxyethamphetamine (‘Eve’)

"Êxtase": revisão farmacológica

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