Event‐based run‐off and sediment yield dynamics and controls in the subhumid headwaters of the Blue Nile, Ethiopia

Abstract

Land degradation due to soil erosion presents a major challenge for sustainable development. We investigated run-off and sediment yield (SY) dynamics in the northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. The study area included 14 zero-order catchments with a surface area ranging from 324 to 1715 m 2 . V-notch weirs produced from plastic jars were introduced as measuring alternatives that met local constraints. Run-off (RO) depth at the weir was registered manually at 5-min intervals during two rainy seasons in 2018 and 2019, and a total of 618 events were monitored. Rainfall was measured using tipping-bucket rain gauges. RO samples were collected in 1-L bottles, and suspended sediment concentration was determined. The mean event RO coefficient ranged from 3% for forests to 56% for badlands. Similarly, the mean annual SY was lowest for forests (0.8 Mg ha À1 yr À1 ) and highest for badlands (43.4 Mg ha À1 yr À1 ), with significant differences among land-use types (14.8 Mg ha À1 yr À1 in cropland, 5.7 Mg ha À1 yr À1 in grazing land, and 2.9 Mg ha À1 yr À1 in plantations). Soil organic matter (SOM) reduced RO and SY, necessitating the consideration of agronomic and land management practices that enhance SOM. Annual SY decreased exponentially with the rock fragment cover (RFC). In fields where RFC was less than 20%, collecting rock fragments for installing stone bunds resulted in a net increase in SY. Rehabilitating badlands and enhancing SOM content in croplands can substantially reduce catchment SY and hence contribute to the sustainability of land uses in the subhumid highlands.

Land use, management and climate effects on runoff and soil loss responses in the highlands of Ethiopia

“…S7) further revealed higher average seasonal runoff (295 mm) and soil loss (45 t ha − 1 ) values in cropland plots in the dry sub-humid region than those in the semi-arid (113 mm and 26 t ha − 1 ) and humid (272 mm and 23 t ha − 1 ) regions. This can partly be explained by the occurrence of intense rain events at the start of the rainy season (Fenta et al, 2017;Assaye et al, 2022; Fig. S4a), during which runoff production and sediment concentration from croplands are high (Amare et al, 2014;Ebabu et al, 2019).…”

Land-Use Impact on Water Quality of the Opak Sub-Watershed, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

“…In UP1, the riverbanks' vegetation could hold the soil, so it was not be carried away by the water flow. The combined impacts of leaves, stems, roots, and litter allowed plants to intercept rainfall and control surface run-off, thus fulfilling the function of soil and water conservation [10,[81][82][83][84]. Furthermore, TSS concentration was influenced by the material derived from land carried by river flows [85][86][87].…”