2017
DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13051
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Event‐related potentials of attentional bias toward faces in the dot‐probe task: A systematic review

Abstract: The dot-probe task is a common task to assess attentional bias toward different stimuli and how groups differ (e.g., attentional bias in anxiety disorders). However, measuring reaction time has been suggested to be unreliable. Neuroimaging methods such as fMRI were shown to be more reliable in assessing attentional bias, but fMRI has poor temporal resolution and therefore cannot assess timing of attention. ERPs have been used to examine the time course of attentional bias. Although ERP research may be more rel… Show more

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Cited by 68 publications
(62 citation statements)
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References 91 publications
(232 reference statements)
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“…The electrophysiological correlates of the orienting mechanism have been described as an enhancement of the early visual P1 activity in the extrastriate cortex in response to targets replacing fearful faces, preceded by modulatory activity in posterior parietal regions (Pourtois et al, 2004, 2005; Santesso et al, 2008). Event related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to face onset have been described, with different timing and scalp distributions (Torrence and Troup, 2018): the early C1 component, which has an onset latency of 50 ms following stimulus presentation and is thought to reflect initial activity of the primary visual cortex; the N170, a negative ERP component originating over occipito-temporal areas, peaking approximately at 170 ms after stimulus onset, which is consistently elicited by human faces (Bentin et al, 1996; Eimer, 2000; Rossion et al, 2000); and the N2pc, a negative posterior component occurring approximately 150–250 ms after cue onset contralateral to the stimulus presentation, thought to indicate initial orienting of attention (Luck and Hillyard, 1994; Diao et al, 2017). However, EEG studies that examined the neural responses evoked by emotional faces have reported contrasting results about the implication of these ERP components in response to threat-related faces and their modulation by attentional processes (Pourtois et al, 2004; Santesso et al, 2008; Holmes et al, 2009, 2014; Carlson and Reinke, 2010; Brosch et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The electrophysiological correlates of the orienting mechanism have been described as an enhancement of the early visual P1 activity in the extrastriate cortex in response to targets replacing fearful faces, preceded by modulatory activity in posterior parietal regions (Pourtois et al, 2004, 2005; Santesso et al, 2008). Event related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to face onset have been described, with different timing and scalp distributions (Torrence and Troup, 2018): the early C1 component, which has an onset latency of 50 ms following stimulus presentation and is thought to reflect initial activity of the primary visual cortex; the N170, a negative ERP component originating over occipito-temporal areas, peaking approximately at 170 ms after stimulus onset, which is consistently elicited by human faces (Bentin et al, 1996; Eimer, 2000; Rossion et al, 2000); and the N2pc, a negative posterior component occurring approximately 150–250 ms after cue onset contralateral to the stimulus presentation, thought to indicate initial orienting of attention (Luck and Hillyard, 1994; Diao et al, 2017). However, EEG studies that examined the neural responses evoked by emotional faces have reported contrasting results about the implication of these ERP components in response to threat-related faces and their modulation by attentional processes (Pourtois et al, 2004; Santesso et al, 2008; Holmes et al, 2009, 2014; Carlson and Reinke, 2010; Brosch et al, 2011).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Importantly and in contrast to behavioral measures of ATB, ERPs show moderate-to-strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability especially for ERP amplitudes (Huffmeijer et al, 2014;Moran et al, 2013;Thigpen et al, 2017b). A recent review on ERPs of attentional bias towards faces in the dot-probe task (Torrence and Troup, 2018) concluded that while ERPs may be more reliable and consistent than solely relying on RT, there is still some inconsistent results probably due to reliance on dot-probe task. They propose that the time is ripe for the development of new tasks and methods (time-frequency analysis of EEG) that could assess differences in orientation, engagement, and disengagement and all facets of attention processes during confrontation with threat.…”
Section: Neurophysiological Indices As Potential Dimensional Biomarkementioning
confidence: 91%
“…Many of these studies have focused on visual ERP components such as the C1, P1 (indexing early visual processing; modulated by response gain and plasticity-related changes), N1, N2pc (indexing attentive selection of specific features, modulated by divisive normalization and inter-area interactions) and the late positive potential (LPP; broad motivational engagement with emotionally engaging stimuli, reflective of widespread interaction between perceptual, motivational, and motor signals). For recent detailed summaries of this work, the reader is referred to these extensive reviews (Gupta et al, 2019;MacNamara et al, 2013;Torrence and Troup, 2018). Across studies, the available evidence may be taken to suggest that for initial ERP components, a broad threat -non-threat discrimination seems to take place, affecting the C1, P1, and the N170 amplitudes in the case of face stimuli, whose sources seem to be in the occipital cortex including the extrastriate and occipital fusiform cortices (Carlson and Reinke, 2010;Eimer and Holmes, 2007;Holmes et al, 2008;Krusemark and Li, 2011;Miskovic and Keil, 2012;Pizzagalli et al, 1999;Pourtois et al, 2005Pourtois et al, , 2004Wieser and Brosch, 2012).…”
Section: Cognitive Neuroscience Studies Of Atb In Anxietymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To obtain timing information on attentional bias, researchers have used ERPs in the dotprobe task. Although there were some inconsistencies in the results, research using facial expression in the dot-probe task found that ERP components can detect attentional bias towards emotional facial expressions (Torrence and Troup, 2017). There are different ways to design the dot-probe task for ERP research.…”
Section: Residual Effects Of Cannabis Use On Attentional Bias Towardsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Attentional bias towards threat-related stimuli has been suggested to be enhanced in high anxiety participants (Bar-Haim et al, 2007). A recent review found that ERP components can be used to measure the increased attentional bias (Torrence and Troup, 2017). In addition, previous research suggested that cannabis use may be associated with self-medicating for anxiety (Crippa et al, 2009;Rubino et al, 2007), and might have anxiolytic effects (Berrendero and Maldonado, 2002;Patel and Hillard, 2006), but has also been associated with anxiogenic effects (Genn et al, 2004;Viveros et al, 2005).…”
Section: Residual Effects Of Cannabis Use On Attentional Bias Towardsmentioning
confidence: 99%