Every month matters: longitudinal associations between exclusive breastfeeding duration, child growth and obesity among WIC-participating children

Anderson, Christopher; Whaley, Shannon E.; Crespi, Catherine M.; Wang, May C; Chaparro, M. Pia

doi:10.1136/jech-2019-213574

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…We observed that BF children were lighter than FF children from the age of 6 months to 3 years 6 months in boys and to 4 years 6 months in girls. Several other studies reported that FF children tended to be heavier or gain weight more rapidly than BF children during the first 12 to 24 months of life, 11 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 although some other studies found no significant differences. 11 12 15 Previous longitudinal studies reported that the faster weight gain in FF infants was significant from the age of two months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Growth in Exclusively Breastfed and Non-exclusively Breastfed Children: Comparisons with WHO Child Growth Standards and Korean National Growth Charts

et al. 2021

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Background This study examined the relationship of infant feeding with anthropometric indices of children during their first six years of life relative to the Korean National Growth Charts (KNGC) and the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS). Methods The study population consisted of 547,669 Korean infants and children who were 6 months-old to 6 years-old (born in 2008–2009) and participated in the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children. Data on height, weight, and type of feeding during the first 6 months (exclusively breastfed [BF] vs. mixed- or formula-fed [FF]) were analyzed. Results BF boys and girls were significantly shorter and lighter than FF counterparts from the age of 6 months to 4 years, but these differences were not significant after the age of 4 years. BF boys and girls only had significantly lower body mass index at the age of 2 years. Under the age of 2 years 6 months, and especially under the age of 1 year, BF boys and girls were significantly taller and heavier than the 50th percentile values of the 50th percentile value of the WHO-CGS. Conclusion In this study using large-scaled national data, Korean breastfed children are shorter and lighter by 3 years 6 months–4 years 6 months, but afterward, there is no significant difference from those who had mixed- or formula-feeding. Substantial disparities in the anthropometric indices of Korean infants under the age of 1 compared to KNCG and WHO-CGS were found, regardless of their infantile feeding types. Our results emphasize the importance of constructing a nationwide reference chart based on actual measurements of BF Korean infants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Growth in Exclusively Breastfed and Non-exclusively Breastfed Children: Comparisons with WHO Child Growth Standards and Korean National Growth Charts

et al. 2021

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“… 139 Finally, a Brazilian study showed a high incidence of peri-obstetric mortality due to COVID-19 140 and this fact, in cases where delivery is feasible, may lead to a large number of infants being deprived of breastfeeding, known as a protective factor against obesity. 141 …”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Obesity and Its Relationship With Covid-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: a clinical review

Nogueira‐de‐Almeida

Ciampo

Ferraz

et al. 2020

Jornal de Pediatria

177

136

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Objective To identify factors that contribute to the increased susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 in obese children and adolescents, and its health consequences. Sources Studies published between 2000 and 2020 in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, and Cochrane databases. Summary of findings Obesity is a highly prevalent comorbidity in severe cases of COVID-19 in children and adolescents; social isolation may lead to increase fat accumulation. Excessive adipose tissue, deficit in lean mass, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and low intake of essential nutrients are factors that compromise the functioning of organs and systems in obese individuals. These factors are associated with damage to immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, and urinary systems, along with modification of the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). In severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, these organic changes from obesity may increase the need for ventilatory assistance, risk of thromboembolism, reduced glomerular filtration rate, changes in the innate and adaptive immune response, and perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory response. Conclusions The need for social isolation can have the effect of causing or worsening obesity and its comorbidities, and pediatricians need to be aware of this issue. Facing children with suspected or confirmed COVID-19, health professionals should 1) diagnose excess weight; 2) advise on health care in times of isolation; 3) screen for comorbidities, ensuring that treatment is not interrupted; 4) measure levels of immunonutrients; 5) guide the family in understanding the specifics of the situation; and 6) refer to units qualified to care for obese children and adolescents when necessary.

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“…The unique composition of human milk is ideal to support this critical developmental period. Human milk feeding has been linked among other benefits to growth [ 1 ], reduced infections and illnesses [ 2 ], and brain development [ 3 ]. Although the specific nutritional and bioactive compounds in human milk conferring these health benefits are not yet fully understood, research is increasingly focusing on the potential importance of oligosaccharides present in human milk (HMOs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cont. Number of subjects in the analysis population,1 Per protocol population and Breastfed reference,2 No statistical comparison testing was conducted on the infant and family characteristics,3 Age at baseline was calculated as: baseline date (V1)-birth date,4 Gestational age is calculated as: gestational age in weeks + (number of days/7),…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Partly Fermented Infant Formula with Postbiotics Including 3′-GL, Specific Oligosaccharides, 2′-FL, and Milk Fat Supports Adequate Growth, Is Safe and Well-Tolerated in Healthy Term Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled, Multi-Country Trial

Vandenplas

Halleux

Arciszewska³

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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This study investigated growth, safety, and tolerance in healthy infants consuming a partly fermented infant formula (IF) with postbiotics, 2′-linked fucosyllactose (2′-FL), a specific prebiotic mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS), and milk fat. This double-blind, controlled trial randomised 215 fully IF-fed infants ≤ 14 days of age to either: Test Group (IF) containing 26% fermented formula with postbiotics derived from Lactofidus fermentation process (including 3′-Galactosyllactose; 3′-GL), 0.8 g/100 mL scGOS/lcFOS (9:1), 0.1 g/100 mL 2′-FL, and milk fat), or Control group (IF with 0.8 g/100 mL scGOS/lcFOS (9:1)) until 17 weeks of age. Fully breastfed infants were included as a reference. Anthropometric measures, gastrointestinal symptoms, and safety were assessed monthly. Equivalence in weight gain (primary outcome) between the Test and Control groups was confirmed (difference in means −0.08 g/day; 90% CI (−1.47;1.31)) with estimated mean weight gain (SE) of 31.00 (0.59) g/day and 31.08 (0.60) g/day, respectively, (PP population, n = 196). Equivalence in length and head circumference gain between the randomised groups was also confirmed. No statistically significant differences were observed in adverse events or gastrointestinal tolerance between randomised IF groups. A partly fermented IF with postbiotics, specific oligosaccharides, 2′-FL, and milk fat supports adequate infant growth and is safe and well-tolerated in healthy term infants.

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Every month matters: longitudinal associations between exclusive breastfeeding duration, child growth and obesity among WIC-participating children

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Growth in Exclusively Breastfed and Non-exclusively Breastfed Children: Comparisons with WHO Child Growth Standards and Korean National Growth Charts

Growth in Exclusively Breastfed and Non-exclusively Breastfed Children: Comparisons with WHO Child Growth Standards and Korean National Growth Charts

COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: a clinical review

A Partly Fermented Infant Formula with Postbiotics Including 3′-GL, Specific Oligosaccharides, 2′-FL, and Milk Fat Supports Adequate Growth, Is Safe and Well-Tolerated in Healthy Term Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled, Multi-Country Trial

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