Everything in Moderation: Principles of Parasite Control for Wildlife Conservation

Stringer, Andrew Paul; Linklater, Wayne L.

doi:10.1093/biosci/biu135

Cited by 49 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Some strategies for preventing and controling parasites to avoid infections in domestic animals include the removal of carcasses, vaccination and deworming programs, creating a buffer zone between areas with wildlife and livestock and health education programs (STRINGER & LINKLATER, 2014). In conclusion, we suggest improvements in property management through a preventive strategy program to disrupt endoparasite life cycles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

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Endoparasites in domestic animals surrounding an Atlantic Forest remnant, in São Paulo State, Brazil

Sevá

Pena

Nava

et al. 2018

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP) is a significant remnant of the Atlantic Rain Forest in Brazil and is surrounded by rural properties. In that area, wild and domestic animals and humans are in close contact, which facilitates the two-way flow of infectious diseases among them. We assessed endoparasites in domestic livestock from all rural properties surrounding MDSP. There were sampled 197 cattle, 37 horses, 11 sheep, 25 swine, 21 dogs, one cat and 62 groups of chickens from 10 large private properties and 75 rural settlements. Eimeria spp. was present in almost all hosts, excepted in horses, dogs and cats. Giardia cysts were present only in cattle. Nematodes were found in swine, ruminants and horses in high prevalence. Ancylostoma, Toxocara and Sarcocystis were found in dogs. Chickens were found with coccidia, Ascaridida and Capillaria spp.. These parasites can cause malnutrition and reproductive disorders for their hosts. Strategies to prevent and control the spread of endoparasites can improve wildlife, animal and human health in this area.Keywords: Helminths, protozoan, Morro do Diabo State Park, wildlife conservation, rural settlements, Brazil. ResumoO Parque Estadual Morro do diabo (PEMD) é um significante remanescente de Mata Atlântica no Brasil, e rodeado de propriedades rurais. Nesta área humanos, animais domésticos e silvestres vivem próximos, o que facilita o fluxo de agentes infecciosas entre eles. Nós avaliamos a presença de endoparasitas, por meio de exame coproparasitológico dos animais domésticos de todas as propriedades rurais do entorno do PEMD. Foram amostrados 197 bovinos, 37 equinos, 11 ovinos, 25 suínos, 62 grupos de galinhas, 22 cães e 1 gato, residentes em 10 grandes propriedades privadas e 75 assentamentos rurais. Eimeria spp. estava presente em quase todas as espécies hospedeiras, com excessão de equinos, cães e gatos. Cistos de Giardia estavam presentes somente em bovinos. Nematodes foram encontrados em suínos, ruminantes e equinos em alta prevalência. Ancylostoma, Toxocara e Sarcocystis foram encontrados em cães. Galinhas foram encontradas com coccidia, Ascaridida e Capillaria spp.. Os parasitas encontrados podem causar má nutrição e problemas reprodutivos para seus hospedeiros. Medidas de prevenção e controle da dispersão de endoparasitas podem melhorar a condição de saúde pública, animal e ambiental nesta área.Palavras-chave: Helmintos, protozoários, Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, conservação ambiental, assentamentos rurais, Brasil.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Some parasites found in all domestic animals have an indirect effect on reproduction by delaying growth, which leads to delayed sexual maturity and a decreased reproductive lifespan (STRINGER & LINKLATER, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endoparasites in domestic animals surrounding an Atlantic Forest remnant, in São Paulo State, Brazil

Sevá

Pena

Nava

et al. 2018

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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show abstract

“…Four conceivable outcomes for parasite conservation, taken from 4 case studies (clockwise from upper left): co‐threatened Gyrostigma rhinocerontis ( Oestridae: Diptera ) bot‐fly parasite introduced to new areas in conjunction with reintroduction efforts for the critically endangered black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) (Stringer & Linklater ); louse Columbicola extinctus rediscovered on the Band‐tailed Pigeon ( Columba fasciata ) subsequent to the extinction of the Passenger Pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius ) (Clayton & Price ); extinct Rallicola extinctus and its host the huia ( Heteralocha acutirostris ) (Pizzi ); and extinct louse Colpocephalum californici of the currently critically endangered California Condor ( Gymnogyps californianus ) (Koh et al. ).…”

Section: The Conservation Toolboxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paradigms for parasite conservation

Dougherty

Carlson

Bueno

et al. 2015

Conservation Biology

111

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Parasitic species, which depend directly on host species for their survival, represent a major regulatory force in ecosystems and a significant component of Earth's biodiversity. Yet the negative impacts of parasites observed at the host level have motivated a conservation paradigm of eradication, moving us farther from attainment of taxonomically unbiased conservation goals. Despite a growing body of literature highlighting the importance of parasite‐inclusive conservation, most parasite species remain understudied, underfunded, and underappreciated. We argue the protection of parasitic biodiversity requires a paradigm shift in the perception and valuation of their role as consumer species, similar to that of apex predators in the mid‐20th century. Beyond recognizing parasites as vital trophic regulators, existing tools available to conservation practitioners should explicitly account for the unique threats facing dependent species. We built upon concepts from epidemiology and economics (e.g., host‐density threshold and cost‐benefit analysis) to devise novel metrics of margin of error and minimum investment for parasite conservation. We define margin of error as the risk of accidental host extinction from misestimating equilibrium population sizes and predicted oscillations, while minimum investment represents the cost associated with conserving the additional hosts required to maintain viable parasite populations. This framework will aid in the identification of readily conserved parasites that present minimal health risks. To establish parasite conservation, we propose an extension of population viability analysis for host–parasite assemblages to assess extinction risk. In the direst cases, ex situ breeding programs for parasites should be evaluated to maximize success without undermining host protection. Though parasitic species pose a considerable conservation challenge, adaptations to conservation tools will help protect parasite biodiversity in the face of an uncertain environmental future.

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“…We limit our discussion to parasites of animals, focusing on empirical and theoretical research on parasites' influence at several levels of ecological organization (individual, population, community, and ecosystem), posing hypotheses for general mechanisms by which parasites may be ecologically influential, and identifying attributes of parasites, hosts, and ecosystems that may predict a strong ecological influence of parasites (Panel 2, see p 433–434). We focus on ecological effects of parasites, but evolutionary effects are also likely to be important (Holt 2010; Stringer and Linklater 2014). We emphasize those cases where parasites' effects are likely to be consistent across contexts, excluding impacts of parasites that are likely to be highly context‐specific.…”

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confidence: 99%

A world without parasites: exploring the hidden ecology of infection

Wood

Johnson

2015

Frontiers in Ecol & Environ

127

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Parasites have historically been considered a scourge, deserving of annihilation. Although parasite eradications rank among humanity's greatest achievements, new research is shedding light on the collateral effects of parasite loss. Here, we explore a “world without parasites”: a thought experiment for illuminating the ecological roles that parasites play in ecosystems. While there is robust evidence for the effects of parasites on host individuals (eg affecting host vital rates), this exercise highlights how little we know about the influence of parasites on communities and ecosystems (eg altering energy flow through food webs). We present hypotheses for novel, interesting, and general effects of parasites. These hypotheses are largely untested, and should be considered a springboard for future research. While many uncertainties exist, the available evidence suggests that a world without parasites would be very different from the world we know, with effects extending from host individuals to populations, communities, and even ecosystems.

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Everything in Moderation: Principles of Parasite Control for Wildlife Conservation

Cited by 49 publications

References 40 publications

Endoparasites in domestic animals surrounding an Atlantic Forest remnant, in São Paulo State, Brazil

Endoparasites in domestic animals surrounding an Atlantic Forest remnant, in São Paulo State, Brazil

Paradigms for parasite conservation

A world without parasites: exploring the hidden ecology of infection

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