Everything You wanted to Know about Smart Agriculture

Abstract

The world population is anticipated to increase by close to 2 billion by 2050 causing a rapid escalation of food demand. A recent projection shows that the world is lagging behind accomplishing the "Zero Hunger" goal, in spite of some advancements. Socio-economic and well being fallout will affect the food security. Vulnerable groups of people will suffer malnutrition. To cater to the needs of the increasing population, the agricultural industry needs to be modernized, become smart, and automated. Traditional agriculture can be remade to efficient, sustainable, eco-friendly smart agriculture by adopting existing technologies. In this survey paper the authors present the applications, technological trends, available datasets, networking options, and challenges in smart agriculture. How Agro Cyber Physical Systems are built upon the Internet-of-Agro-Things is discussed through various application fields. Agriculture 4.0 is also discussed as a whole. We focus on the technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) which support the automation, along with the Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) which provides data integrity and security. After an in-depth study of different architectures, we also present a smart agriculture framework which relies on the location of data processing. We have divided open research problems of smart agriculture as future research work in two groups -from a technological perspective and from a networking perspective. AI, ML, the blockchain as a DLT, and Physical Unclonable Functions (PUF) based hardware security fall under the technology group, whereas any network related attacks, fake data injection and similar threats fall under the network research problem group.

Shape classification technology of pollinated tomato flowers for robotic implementation

“…Takefumi Hiraguri 1* , Tomotaka Kimura 2 , Keita Endo 1 , Takeshi Ohya 3 , Takuma Takanashi 4 & Hiroyuki Shimizu 1 Three pollination methods are commonly used in the greenhouse cultivation of tomato. These are pollination using insects, artificial pollination (by manually vibrating flowers), and plant growth regulators.…”

“…Smart agriculture actively incorporates engineering and chemical technologies in agriculture, especially crop cultivation. Smart agriculture aims for labor saving and high-quality production 1,2 . In particular, the digitized data (such as temperature, humidity, sunshine hours, and soil components) assist cultivation management by providing information and communications technology (ICT) and the Internet of Things (IoT) [3][4][5][6][7] .…”

EasyChain: an IoT-friendly blockchain for robust and energy-efficient authentication

“…Unique identification can either be a MACID assigned to a Network Interface Card (NIC) or the IP address assigned by the network to each individual device that is connected. IoT architecture is being used in many applications that can range from smart healthcare to industrial IoT and smart cities (Corbett et al, 2018;Castanho et al, 2019;Shahzad and Kim, 2019;Mitra et al, 2022;Xu et al, 2022). Combining these IoT networks with people and processes creates the Internet of Everything (IoE).…”

agroString: Visibility and Provenance through a Private Blockchain Platform for Agricultural Dispense towards Consumers

“…Advanced industries are using the IoAT and web-based solutions for incorporating modern techniques for data collection and the distribution of agricultural produce, along with implementing automation with security. Still, these approaches have limitations when bringing heterogeneous data into a unified system, raising privacy challenges and futile access control mechanisms [ 4 ]. Smart “things” employing a single point database system to store the statistics are having latency problems and Internet discontinuity issues for data flow and face possible attacks on the useful information [ 5 ].…”

“…Smart “things” employing a single point database system to store the statistics are having latency problems and Internet discontinuity issues for data flow and face possible attacks on the useful information [ 5 ]. Figure 2 demonstrates the components utilized in Smart Agriculture and some of the challenges of the IoAT in the agricultural product supply flow [ 4 ].…”