“…The most widespread of these, Kriol, is spoken by around 20,000 people across the northernmost parts of the Northern Territory and Western Australia (Schultze-Berndt et al 2013). Several other Creole varieties (Torres Strait Creole, e.g., Shnukal 1991; Cape York Creole, e.g., Crowley and Rigsby 1979), mixed languages (Gurindji Kriol, e.g., Meakins 2015); Light Warlpiri, e.g., O'Shannessy (2013), dialects of English (Aboriginal English, e.g., Eades 2014), and others (such as Wumpurrarni English, e.g., Disbray 2008; and various Queensland contact varieties, e.g., Sellwood and Angelo 2013) have proliferated in the many varied, and often imposed, sites of sustained language contact since colonial invasion 1 .…”