Evidence-based European recommendations for the dietary management of diabetes

Lifestyle and metabolic risk factors, and diabetes mellitus prevalence in European countries from three waves of the European Health Interview Survey

“…These metabolic and lifestyle factors significantly contribute to the development and management of DM, highlighting the importance of promoting obesity prevention, weight loss, and physical activity to reduce the burden of DM. Studies indicate that lifestyle interventions aimed at weight loss and increased physical activity have been effective in improving glycaemic control and health outcomes for individuals with T2DM 66 . Additionally, creating supportive environments for physical activity, promoting healthy dietary habits, and addressing social inequalities that contribute to unhealthy lifestyles can positively impact the prevention and management of DM at a population level.…”

Nutritional therapy bridges the critical cut-off point for the closed-loop role of type 2 diabetes and bone homeostasis: A narrative review

“…Dietary fats serve as a provider of energy and essential nutrients and precursors of lipid-mediated signaling molecules that influence on the body's metabolic processes. The European guidelines for managing diabetes advocate for the consumption of foods that are mostly rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids while limiting the intake of saturated fatty acids to no more than 10% of total energy [ 57 ]. While the effects of unsaturated fatty acids on glycemic homeostasis are still uncertain, a comprehensive analysis of RCT and Meta-analysis has indicated that increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids has no significant impact on improving glucose metabolism [ 58 ].…”

“…T Vilaca et al reported that obesity-promoted bone mass accumulation was associated with enhanced bone mechanical loading and cytokine or hormone secretion [ 62 ], consistent with patients with T2DM exhibiting normal or high BMD but did not reduce their fracture risk [ 12 ]. At present, weight loss is still one of the nutritional treatment goals for overweight/obese T2DM patients to improve glycemic control and reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity [ 57 ]. Notably, a systematic evaluation and Meta-analysis emphasized that obesity management should focus on controlling fat loss and preserving lean body mass to attenuate the increased risk of bone loss and fragility fractures associated with weight loss [ 63 ].…”

“…Thus, high dietary fiber intake is negatively associated with diabetic osteoporosis. The European Dietary Management of Diabetes recommends a dietary fiber intake of at least 35 g/d, with grains, vegetables, legumes, seeds, nuts, and whole fruits recommended as sources of dietary fiber [ 57 ].…”

The effects of wholegrain processing on appetite: randomised crossover trial in adults with type 2 diabetes

“…Whole grains are grains with the inedible hull removed, leaving the bran, germ, and endosperm for cooking and consumption. 1 The intake of wholegrain foods such as wholewheat bread, oats, brown rice, and millet is widely recommended in international and regional guidelines 2–4 and as a part of healthy dietary patterns. 5–7 Reasons for this relate to the nutrient profile of whole grains, being high in fibre and low in energy content, 1 the health benefits observed with higher wholegrain intakes, 8–10 as well as their role in replacing refined grain foods in the diet.…”