Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents

Mechler, Konstantin; Banaschewski, Tobias; Hohmann, Sarah; Häge, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940

Cited by 135 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…For children and adolescents over 70 kg, the recommended dose is to increase from a daily initiation dose of 40–80 mg, and the maximum total daily dose should not exceed 100 mg in the USA and Europe. It is manufactured in capsules containing 10, 18, 25, 40, 60, 80, or 100 mg of atomoxetine hydrochloride as well as in an oral solution (4 mg/ml) ( 103 ).…”

Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common adverse reactions of atomoxetine in children with ADHD include gastrointestinal symptoms, sleep disturbances (somnolence), cardiovascular adverse reactions and other general disorders (irritability, dizziness, fatigue, headache) ( 103 , 117 ). These four aspects will be described in detail below.…”

Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared with placebo, children with atomoxetine therapy exhibited significantly higher rates of somnolence and headache, although there was no significant difference in rates of headache between children and adolescents ( 57 ). Irritability, dizziness, fatigue, and headache are common in ADHD children with atomoxetine therapy ( 103 ). It is not only parts of clinical presentation, but also adverse reactions of some standard medications.…”

Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not only parts of clinical presentation, but also adverse reactions of some standard medications. In short-term RCTs of ADHD medications, there was an increased risk of headache for atomoxetine treatment compared to placebo ( 103 , 127 ). The comprehensive results showed a significant association between atomoxetine treatment and headache in children with ADHD ( 127 ).…”

Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Mechanism, Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Dosage Regimen of Atomoxetine for ADHD Therapy in Children: A Narrative Review

Guo

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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Atomoxetine, a selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake inhibitor, was approved for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment in children, adolescents and adults. We searched the database PubMed/MEDLINE (2000 to October 1, 2021). Only publications in English were considered. Atomoxetine inhibits the presynaptic norepinephrine transporter (NET), preventing the reuptake of NE throughout the brain along with inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine in specific brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The novel mechanism of atomoxetine also includes several new brain imaging studies and animal model studies. It is mainly metabolized by the highly polymorphic drug metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). Atomoxetine is effective and generally well tolerated. ADHD is often accompanied by multiple comorbidities. A series of studies have been published suggesting that atomoxetine is effective in the treatment of ADHD symptoms for children with various types of comorbidity. In some cases, it is possible that atomoxetine may have a positive influence on the symptoms of comorbidities. Atomoxetine can be administered either as a single daily dose or split into two evenly divided doses, and has a negligible risk of abuse or misuse. The latest guideline updated that clinical dose selection of atomoxetine was recommended based on both CYP2D6 genotype and the peak concentration. To have a more comprehensive understanding of atomoxetine, this review sets the focus on the mechanism, clinical efficacy and dosage regimen in detail, and also touches on those studies regarding adverse reactions of atomoxetine.

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Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Mechanism, Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Dosage Regimen of Atomoxetine for ADHD Therapy in Children: A Narrative Review

Guo

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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“…However, these and other studies either do not provide data in terms of age periods or subtypes of ADHD presentation (inattentive, hyperactive–impulsive (H–I), or combined), or the sample size was not large enough. In addition, they did not consider factors that may influence the diet, such as socioeconomic level [ 36 ], psychological comorbid (internalizing) problems with ADHD [ 37 , 38 ], sex differences [ 6 ], pharmacological treatment [ 39 ], intelligence quotient [ 40 ], and ASD comorbidity [ 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Follow a Different Dietary Pattern than That of Their Control Peers?

et al. 2022

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents. A current area of interest is the association between ADHD and food consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the food consumption and dietary patterns of children with and without ADHD in relation to their age and ADHD presentation. The study involved 259 preschoolers aged 3 to 6 years old (57 with ADHD and 202 controls) and 475 elementary-school-age children, aged 10 to 12 years old (213 with ADHD and 262 controls) from Spain. ADHD was diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) from Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children interviews. Eating data were collected using a food consumption frequency questionnaire, and principal component analysis was carried out to analyze dietary patterns. Western-like, sweet, and healthy patterns were identified. The ADHD group was negatively associated with the healthy pattern (p < 0.001) and positively associated with the Western-like diet (p = 0.004). Children with inattentive presentation showed lower adherence (12.2%) to a healthy pattern than that of the control group (39.9%) (p < 0.001). There is an association between ADHD and dietary habits; children with inattentive presentation may particularly be at risk of unhealthy eating habits.

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Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self-injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Iffland,

Livingstone,

Jorgensen

et al. 2023

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents

Cited by 135 publications

References 146 publications

The Mechanism, Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Dosage Regimen of Atomoxetine for ADHD Therapy in Children: A Narrative Review

The Mechanism, Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Dosage Regimen of Atomoxetine for ADHD Therapy in Children: A Narrative Review

Do Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Follow a Different Dietary Pattern than That of Their Control Peers?

Pharmacological intervention for irritability, aggression, and self-injury in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

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