Evidence-based tick acaricide resistance intervention strategy in Uganda: Concept and feedback of farmers and stakeholders

Vudriko, Patrick; Okwee-Acai, James; Byaruhanga, Joseph; Tayebwa, Dickson Stuart; O’Mara, Robert E.; Muhindo, Jeanne Bukeka; Lagu, Charles; Umemiya‐Shirafuji, Rika; Xu, Xuan; Suzuki, Hiroshi

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.09.011

Cited by 25 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Unprecedented levels of acaricide-resistant tick populations have recently been reported in Uganda [33]. The cause of this problem is due to farmer-related factors (acaricide overuse and misuse) potentiated by lack of national acaricide and animal movement control policies [33][34][35]. Under such favourable conditions, R. microplus tick populations are known to rapidly become acaricideresistant as a result of target specific mutations and metabolic adaptations [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

et al. 2020

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Background: Rhipicephalus microplus, an invasive tick species of Asian origin and the main vector of Babesia species, is considered one of the most widespread ectoparasites of livestock. The tick has spread from its native habitats on translocated livestock to large parts of the tropical world, where it has replaced some of the local populations of Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. Although the tick was reported in Uganda 70 years ago, it has not been found in any subsequent surveys. This study was carried out to update the national tick species distribution on livestock in Uganda as a basis for tick and tick-borne disease control, with particular reference to R. microplus. Methods: The study was carried out in Kadungulu, Serere district, southeastern Uganda, which is dominated by small scale livestock producers. All the ticks collected from 240 cattle from six villages were identified microscopically. Five R. microplus specimens were further processed for phylogenetic analysis and species confirmation. Results: The predominant tick species found on cattle was Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (86.9 %; n = 16,509). Other species found were Amblyomma variegatum (7.2 %; n = 1377), Rhipicephalus evertsi (2.3 %; n = 434) and R. microplus (3.6 %; n = 687). Phylogenetic analysis of the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene sequences of R. microplus confirmed the morphological identification. Conclusions: It is concluded that R. microplus has replaced R. decoloratus in the sampled villages in Kadungulu subcounty, since the latter was not any longer found in this area. There is currently no livestock movement policy in force in Uganda, which could possibly limit the further spread of R. microplus ticks. Future surveys, but also retrospective surveys of museum specimens, will reveal the extent of distribution of R. microplus in Uganda and also for how long this tick has been present on livestock without being noticed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

et al. 2020

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“…While pathogenesis of B. bigemina is mainly related to intravascular hemolysis, sequestration of B. bovis-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) in internal organs and brain produces severe clinical symptoms which occasionally result in fatality [1]. Constraints against disease control include the low efficacy of available live vaccines for B. bovis, limited treatment options, and the emergence of drug and acaricide resistance of tick vectors [1][2][3]. The combination of new drugs and vaccine intervention are required to better control the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Babesia bovis exported proteins that modify properties of infected red blood cells

et al. 2020

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Babesia bovis causes a pathogenic form of babesiosis in cattle. Following invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) the parasite extensively modifies host cell structural and mechanical properties via the export of numerous proteins. Despite their crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis, such proteins have not been comprehensively characterized in B. bovis. Here we describe the surface biotinylation of infected RBCs (iRBCs), followed by proteomic analysis. We describe a multigene family (mtm) that encodes predicted multi-transmembrane integral membrane proteins which are exported and expressed on the surface of iRBCs. One mtm gene was downregulated in blasticidin-S (BS) resistant parasites, suggesting an association with BS uptake. Induced knockdown of a novel exported protein encoded by BBOV_III004280, named VESA export-associated protein (BbVEAP), resulted in a decreased growth rate, reduced RBC surface ridge numbers, mis-localized VESA1, and abrogated cytoadhesion to endothelial cells, suggesting that BbVEAP is a novel virulence factor for B. bovis.

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“…Unprecedented levels of acaricide resistant tick populations have recently been reported in Uganda [33]. The cause of this problem is due to farmer-related factors [acaricide overuse and misuse] potentiated by lack of national acaricide and animal movement control policies [33][34][35]. Under such favourable conditions, R. microplus tick populations are known to rapidly become acaricide resistant as a result of target specific mutations and metabolic adaptations [36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Muhanguzi

Byaruhanga

Amanyire

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Rhipicephalus microplus, an invasive tick species of Asian origin and the main vector of Babesia species, is considered one of the most widespread ectoparasites of livestock. The tick has spread from its native habitats on translocated livestock to large parts of the tropical world, where it has replaced some of the local populations of Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks. Although the tick was reported in Uganda 70 years ago, it has not been found in any subsequent surveys. This study was carried out to update the national tick species distribution on livestock in Uganda as a basis for tick and tick-borne disease control, with particular reference to R.microplus.Methods: The study was carried out in Kadungulu, Serere district, south-eastern Uganda, which is dominated by small scale livestock producers. All the ticks collected from 240 cattle from six villages were identified microscopically. Five R. microplus specimens were further processed for phylogenetic analysis and species confirmation.Results: The predominant tick species found on cattle was Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (86.9 %; n=16,509). Other species found were Amblyomma variegatum (7.2 %; n=1,377), Rhipicephalus evertsi (2.3 %; n=434) and R. microplus (3.6 %; n= 687). Phylogenetic analysis of the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene sequences of R. microplus confirmed the morphological identification.Conclusions: It is concluded that R. microplus has replaced Rhipicephalus decoloratus in the sampled villages in Kadungulu sub county, since the latter was not any longer found in this area. There is currently no livestock movement policy in force in Uganda, which could possibly limit the further spread of R. microplus ticks. Future surveys, but also retrospective surveys of museum specimens, will reveal the extent of distribution of R. microplus in Uganda and also for how long this tick has been present on livestock without being noticed.

show abstract

Evidence-based tick acaricide resistance intervention strategy in Uganda: Concept and feedback of farmers and stakeholders

Cited by 25 publications

References 20 publications

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

Novel Babesia bovis exported proteins that modify properties of infected red blood cells

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

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