Evidence for a global scanpath strategy in viewing abstract compared with realistic images

Zangemeister, Wolfgang H.; Sherman, K.; Stark, Lawrence

doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00014-t

Cited by 141 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…24 It is interesteing that Zangemeister et al (1995) found that eye movement patterns were fairly similar when viewing expressionist art (in which there are typically no well-defined objects) and scenes. Pashler, Carrier, and Hoffman (1993) examined eye movements when viewers were engaged in a dual-task situation.…”

Section: Mathematics Numeral Reading and Problem Solvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Rayner

1998

Psychological Bulletin

6,144

231

5,590

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Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.Many studies using eye movements to investigate cognitive processes have appeared over the past 20 years. In an earlier review, I (Rayner, 1978b) argued that since the mid-1970s we have been in a third era of eye movement research and that the success of research in the current era would depend on the ingenuity of researchers in designing interesting and informative studies. It would appear from the vast number of studies using eye movement data over the past 20 years that research in this third era is fulfilling the promise inherent in using eye movement behavior to infer cognitive processes. The first era of eye movement research extended from Javal's initial observations concerning the role of eye movements in reading in 1879 (see Huey, 1908) up until about 1920. During this era, many basic facts about eye movements were discovered. Issues such as saccadic suppression (the fact that we do not perceive information during an eye movement), saccade latency (the time that it takes to initiate an eye movement), and the size of the perceptual span (the region of effective vision) were of concern in this era. The second era, which coincided with the behaviorist movement in experimental psychology, tended to have a more applied focus, and little research was undertaken with eye movements to infer cognitive processes. Although classic work by Tinker (1946) on reading and by Buswell (1935) on scene perception was carried out during this era, in retrospect, most of the work seems to have focused on the eye movements per se (or on surface aspects of the task being investigated). Tinker's (1958) final review ended on the rather pessimistic note that almost every-

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Section: Mathematics Numeral Reading and Problem Solvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Rayner

1998

Psychological Bulletin

6,144

231

5,590

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“…Specifically, expertise can affect various aspects of the ocular exploratory behaviour, such as the number, duration, and especially the spatial distribution of fixations. Such expertise-modulated gaze pattern differences have been observed between expert and novice observers when they look at pictures or art pieces (Zangemeister, Sherman, & Stark, 1995;Vogt & Magnussen, 2007;Humphrey & Underwood, 2009;Pihko et al, 2011), watch sports videos (Crespi, Robino, Silva, & de'Sperati, 2012), read music (Waters, Underwood, & Findlay, 1997), interpret medical images (Nodine, Kundel, Lauver, & Toto, 1996;Donovan & Manning, 2007;Kundel, Nodine, Krupinski, & Mello-Thomas, 2008;Matsumoto et al, 2011;Wood, Batt, Appelboam, Harris, & Wilson, 2014), drive (Underwood, 1998;Nabatilan, Aghazadeh, Nimbarte, Harvey, & Chowdhury, 2012), or play chess (Reingold, Charness, Pomplun, & Stampe, 2001). For instance, in comparison with laypersons, experienced radiologists tend to adopt a more global gaze strategy to 5 examine mammography images in detecting breast cancer (Kundel et al, 2008), arttrained viewers often scan a larger surface of representational paintings and give higher aesthetic rating when evaluating abstract paintings (Pihko et al, 2011), and the experienced drivers fixate more on the front and centre view, and make fewer driving errors when facing visual distraction (Nabatilan et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dog owners show experience-based viewing behaviour in judging dog face approachability

Gavin

Houghton

Guo

2015

Psychological Research

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Our prior visual experience plays a critical role in face perception. We show superior perceptual performance for differentiating conspecific (vs non-conspecific), own-race (vs other-race) and familiar (vs unfamiliar) faces. However, it remains unclear whether our experience with faces of other species would influence our gaze allocation for extracting salient facial information. In this eye-tracking study, we asked both dogowners and non-owners to judge the approachability of human, monkey and dog faces, and systematically compared their behavioral performance and gaze pattern associated with the task. Compared to non-owners, dog-owners assessed dog faces with shorter time and fewer fixations, but gave higher approachability ratings. The gaze allocation within local facial features was also modulated by the ownership. The averaged proportion of the fixations and viewing time directed at the dog mouth region were significantly less for the dog-owners, and more experienced dog-owners tended to look more at the dog eyes, suggesting the adoption of a prior experience-based viewing behavior for assessing dog approachability. No differences in behavioral performance and gaze pattern were observed between dog-owners and non-owners when judging human and monkey faces, implying the dog-owner's experience-based gaze strategy for viewing dog faces was not transferable across faces of other species.

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“…We performed moving-window analyses on blink and saccade frequency, as well as on saccade directions. Blink frequency is known to decrease when concentrated effort is needed to perform a task or`to uptake' information (eg De Jong and Merckelbach 1990;Zangemeister et al 1995;Veltman and Gaillard 1998). Blink frequency is used in the present study as a measure of effort.…”

Section: Time Seriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Switching, Eye Movements, and the Bus Paradox

Ito¹,

Nikolaev²,

Luman³

et al. 2003

Perception

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According to a widely cited finding by Ellis and Stark (1978 Perception7 575–581), the duration of eye fixations is longer at the instant of perceptual reversal of an ambiguous figure than before or after the reversal. However, long fixations are more likely to include samples of an independent random event than are short fixations. This sampling bias would produce the pattern of results also when no correlation exists between fixation duration and perceptual reversals. When an appropriate correction is applied to the measurement of fixation durations, the effect disappears. In fact, there are fewer actual button-presses during the long intervals than would be expected by chance. Moving-window analyses performed on eye-fixation data reveal that no unique eye event is associated with switching behaviour. However, several indicators, such as blink frequency, saccade frequency, and the direction of the saccade, are each differentially sensitive to perceptual and response-related aspects of the switching process. The time course of these indicators depicts switching behaviour as a process of cascaded stages.

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Evidence for a global scanpath strategy in viewing abstract compared with realistic images

Cited by 141 publications

References 31 publications

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Dog owners show experience-based viewing behaviour in judging dog face approachability

Perceptual Switching, Eye Movements, and the Bus Paradox

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