Evidence for a missing source of efficient ice nuclei

Du, Rui; Du, Pengrui; Lù, Zhongwen; Ren, Weishan; Liang, Zongmin; Qin, Saisai; Li, Ziming; Wang, Yaling; Fu, Pingqing

doi:10.1038/srep39673

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Only a few genera were unique to one sample type, the discrimination by NMDS was due to changes in relative abundance between sample types, which indicated an accumulation of most INP-containing bacteria in the wet phases, and only single species associated with air. Erwinia and Xanthomonas were unique in air in this dataset, though they are usually abundant in the environment, but also absent in other water-based IN-surveys (Du et al 2017). Zweifel et al (2012) found Erwinia and Pantoea in low frequencies, but recurringly in free tropospheric air samples.…”

Section: Inp-containing Bacteria Are Selected For Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 79%

Microbial composition in seasonal time series of free tropospheric air and precipitation reveals community separation

et al. 2019

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Primary biological aerosols are transported over large distances, are traveling in various media such as dry air masses, clouds or fog, and eventually deposited with dry deposition, especially for larger particles, or precipitation like rain, hail or snow. To investigate relative abundance and diversity of airborne bacterial and fungal communities, samples have been collected with a liquid impinger (Coriolis l) from the top of Mount Sonnblick (3106 m asl, Austrian Alps) from the respective sources under a temporal aspect over four seasons over the year to include all climatic conditions. Bacterial and fungal

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Section: Inp-containing Bacteria Are Selected For Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 79%

Microbial composition in seasonal time series of free tropospheric air and precipitation reveals community separation

et al. 2019

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“…This differs from the Gammaproteobacteria, for which INA is dependent on cell integrity and for which the number of IN is limited to the number of bacterial cells in the atmosphere. Moreover, because of their size, bacterial LINA-like molecules could represent some of the abundant nanometer-sized Ice + particles active at warm temperatures identified by Vali (1966) andO'Sullivan et al (2015) and more recently by Du et al (2017) or Šantl-Temkiv et al (2015.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice nucleation active bacteria in precipitation are genetically diverse and nucleate ice by employing different mechanisms

Failor¹,

Schmale²,

Vinatzer³

et al. 2017

The ISME Journal

104

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A growing body of circumstantial evidence suggests that ice nucleation active (Ice) bacteria contribute to the initiation of precipitation by heterologous freezing of super-cooled water in clouds. However, little is known about the concentration of Ice bacteria in precipitation, their genetic and phenotypic diversity, and their relationship to air mass trajectories and precipitation chemistry. In this study, 23 precipitation events were collected over 15 months in Virginia, USA. Air mass trajectories and water chemistry were determined and 33 134 isolates were screened for ice nucleation activity (INA) at -8 °C. Of 1144 isolates that tested positive during initial screening, 593 had confirmed INA at -8 °C in repeated tests. Concentrations of Ice strains in precipitation were found to range from 0 to 13 219 colony forming units per liter, with a mean of 384±147. Most Ice bacteria were identified as members of known and unknown Ice species in the Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Xanthomonadaceae families, which nucleate ice employing the well-characterized membrane-bound INA protein. Two Ice strains, however, were identified as Lysinibacillus, a Gram-positive genus not previously known to include Ice bacteria. INA of the Lysinibacillus strains is due to a nanometer-sized molecule that is heat resistant, lysozyme and proteinase resistant, and secreted. Ice bacteria and the INA mechanisms they employ are thus more diverse than expected. We discuss to what extent the concentration of culturable Ice bacteria in precipitation and the identification of a new heat-resistant biological INA mechanism support a role for Ice bacteria in the initiation of precipitation.

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“…Bacteria are generally larger than 0.3 μm in equivalent size (Lighthart & Mohr, 1994). Individual airborne bacteria are typically on the order of~1 μm or less in size (Després et al, 2012;Pósfai et al, 2003), although smaller microscale and nanoscale bacterial fragments might be present in the atmosphere (Du et al, 2017;Šantl-Temkiv et al, 2015). In addition, bacteria suspended in PBS were filtered on 0.2 μm pore black polycarbonate filters for enumeration.…”

Section: Bacterial Concentration and Viabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentration and Viability of Airborne Bacteria Over the Kuroshio Extension Region in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: Data From Three Cruises

Murata

Fukuyama

et al. 2017

JGR Atmospheres

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Airborne bacteria have been shown to act as condensation and ice nuclei in mixed‐phase clouds and are consequently hypothesized to have significant effects on atmospheric processes and even the global climate. However, few data are available regarding their concentration and variation in the air over the open ocean. Aerosol samples were collected during three cruises in the early summers of 2013, 2014, and 2016 over the Kuroshio Extension region of the northwest Pacific Ocean. The concentrations of viable and nonviable bacterial cells in the marine surface air were quantified using epifluorescence enumeration with the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain. The concentrations of total bacteria varied between 1.0 × 104 and 2.5 × 105 cells m−3 and averaged 5.2 × 104, 1.0 × 105, and 7.5 × 104 cells m−3 in the three respective cruises. The viabilities, i.e., the ratios of the concentration of viable bacterial cells to that of total bacterial cells, ranged from 80% to 100% (average 93%), and the respective means were 93%, 89%, and 96% in the cruises. The total bacterial concentration had a close correlation with the wind speed near the sea surface, and the bacterial viability correlated negatively with the air temperature, sea surface temperature, and concentration of coarse particles (size > 1 μm). The deposition and sea spray fluxes of bacteria were roughly estimated as hundreds of cells m−2 s−1 on average. The limited data on bacterial concentration and viability from the three cruises indicate the rapid air‐sea exchange of bacteria over the Kuroshio Extension region of the northwest Pacific Ocean.

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Evidence for a missing source of efficient ice nuclei

Cited by 39 publications

References 46 publications

Microbial composition in seasonal time series of free tropospheric air and precipitation reveals community separation

Microbial composition in seasonal time series of free tropospheric air and precipitation reveals community separation

Ice nucleation active bacteria in precipitation are genetically diverse and nucleate ice by employing different mechanisms

Concentration and Viability of Airborne Bacteria Over the Kuroshio Extension Region in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: Data From Three Cruises

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