Evidence for a Two-Layered Sheath on Germ Tubes of Three Species of<i>Bipolaris</i>

Evans, Robert C.

doi:10.1094/phyto-77-804

Cited by 8 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Based on the staining procedures (LM and TEM) we concluded that the inner ECM layer was rich in proteins and that the outer contained mainly polysaccharides. The inner ECM was labelled with proteinspecific stains, as was also found for B. maydis, B. zeicola and B. turcicum (Evans et al, 1982 ;Braun & Howard, 1994 b). The outer layer was labelled for acid polysaccharides and β-glucan polymers with RR and CFW, respectively (Luft, 1971 ;Handley et al, 1988 ;Nicholas, Williams & Hunter, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…is well-known (Evans et al, 1982 ;Braun & Howard, 1994 b). Zhu et al (1998) obtained a mutant of Cochliobolus heterostrophus that lacked the outer layer which showed that the two layers can exist independently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The outer layer was labelled for acid polysaccharides and β-glucan polymers with RR and CFW, respectively (Luft, 1971 ;Handley et al, 1988 ;Nicholas, Williams & Hunter, 1994). This is notable because previously only negative staining or immunofluorescence labelling procedures were known to completely visualise the copious outer ECM of Bipolaris (Evans et al, 1981(Evans et al, , 1982Braun & Howard, 1994 b). CFW is known to interact with cell wall chitin (Nicholas et al, 1994), but neither Clay et al (1994) nor we (present study) succeeded in localizing N-acetylglucosamine, a principal component of chitin, or other selected carbohydrates in the ECM of B. sorokiniana using lectin probes (Table 3).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include the negative stain Indian ink, various conventional histological stains, colloidal gold and fluorescent probes, like fluorophore-conjugated lectins, antibodies and latex microspheres (Evans, Stempen & Frasca, 1982 ;Braun & Howard, 1994 b ;Jones, Bailey & O'Connell, 1995 ;Kuo & Hoch, 1995 ;O'Connell et al, 1996). In addition, ECM has been visualized successfully using TEM and SEM techniques (Chaubal, Wilmot & Wynn, 1991 ;Van Dyke & Mims, 1991 ;Braun & Howard, 1994 b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although numerous studies have been conducted on the physiology, pathology and ecology of the fungus, little is known about the properties, composition and role of the ECM of B. sorokiniana. There are no reports on mucilage associated with conidia of Bipolaris (Cochliobolus) species, but a number of microscopical observations have been made on ECM surrounding germlings, hyphae and appressoria (Wheeler & Gantz, 1979 ;Evans, Stempen & Stewart, 1981 ;Evans et al, 1982 ;Braun & Howard, 1994 b ;Clay, Enkerli & Fuller, 1994 ;Sugui, Kunoh & Nicholson, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visualization and characterization of the extracellular matrix of Bipolaris sorokiniana

Apoga

Jansson

2000

Mycological Research

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Extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding conidia and germlings of B. sorokiniana was studied using light microscopy (LM), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Conidial ECM surrounding dry-inoculated, ungerminated conidia was fluid-like and observed only using a cryo-preparation technique, suggesting that the material was water soluble. ECM enveloping germlings appeared fibrillar in LM, TEM and SEM but amorphous in cryo-SEM, indicating that the structure of the ECM is dependent on the water content of the matrix. Fibrillar ECM formed thread-like structures that extended over long distances on the substrate or towards neighbouring conidia and hyphae. TEM of germlings negatively stained with uranyl acetate revealed the presence of fungal fimbriae. The strong resemblance between the extending organization of fibrillar thread-like ECM structures and fimbriae suggested that fimbriae constitute a basic structural component of the ECM and serve as the aggregation centre for the other ECM components. Histochemical labelling revealed significant differences between ECM surrounding the fungus at different morphological stages. The germ tube ECM was labelled for both proteins and polysaccharides whereas germling ECM consisted of two layers : an inner rich in proteins and an outer composed mainly of polysaccharides. Furthermore, the newly released ECM localized on germ tubes and hyphal tips showed affinity for microspheres carrying any type of surface properties while hyphal ECM had affinity only for negatively charged microspheres. This together suggests that ECM after its release is subjected to structural changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visualization and characterization of the extracellular matrix of Bipolaris sorokiniana

Apoga

Jansson

2000

Mycological Research

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Extracellular Materials of Fungal Structures: Their Significance at Prepenetration Stages of Infection

Kunoh

Nicholson

Kobayashi

1991

Electron Microscopy of Plant Pathogens

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Detection of protein and carbohydrate in the extracellular matrix released by Cochliobolus heterostrophus during germination

1999

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The extracellular matrix (ECM) of Cochliobolus heterostrophus (anamorph" Bipolaris maydis) was made visible by gold/silver and FITC-lectin staining at different stages of germ tube development. A proteinaceous material was released from conidia as germ tubes began to emerge and continued to be released from the germ tube tip throughout elongation. A material that did not stain for protein was observed to surround germ tubes upon their elongation. At later stages of maturation, germ tubes were surrounded by a sheath of proteinaceous material. After 15 h of incubation, staining with the FITC-labeled Concanavalin A revealed that a carbohydrate material surrounded and extended between hyphae. The ECM extract was separated into two fractions which were shown by SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses to consist of proteins and carbohydrates. The results demonstrate that the composition and physical structure of the ECM change over time. Thus, the ECM is not a static material. Rather, the components of the ECM appear to be laid down at different stages of fungal morphogenesis, possibly related to germ tube emergence, elongation, and maturation.

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Evidence for a Two-Layered Sheath on Germ Tubes of Three Species ofBipolaris

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Visualization and characterization of the extracellular matrix of Bipolaris sorokiniana

Visualization and characterization of the extracellular matrix of Bipolaris sorokiniana

Extracellular Materials of Fungal Structures: Their Significance at Prepenetration Stages of Infection

Detection of protein and carbohydrate in the extracellular matrix released by Cochliobolus heterostrophus during germination

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