Evidence for acquisition of virulence effectors in pathogenic chytrids

Sun, Guiling; Yang, Zefeng; Kosch, Tiffany A.; Summers, Kyle; Huang, Jinling

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-195

Cited by 44 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…16). While previously noted in Bd 717, we find the CRN-like family is more widely distributed among the Chytridiomycota than previously realised. We identified 162 CRN-like genes in Bd , 10 in Bsal , 11 in Hp and 6 in Sp (Fig.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 52%

Genomic innovations linked to infection strategies across emerging pathogenic chytrid fungi

et al. 2017

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To understand the evolutionary pathways that lead to emerging infections of vertebrates, here we explore the genomic innovations that allow free-living chytrid fungi to adapt to and colonize amphibian hosts. Sequencing and comparing the genomes of two pathogenic species of Batrachochytrium to those of close saprophytic relatives reveals that pathogenicity is associated with remarkable expansions of protease and cell wall gene families, while divergent infection strategies are linked to radiations of lineage-specific gene families. By comparing the host–pathogen response to infection for both pathogens, we illuminate the traits that underpin a strikingly different immune response within a shared host species. Our results show that, despite commonalities that promote infection, specific gene-family radiations contribute to distinct infection strategies. The breadth and evolutionary novelty of candidate virulence factors that we discover underscores the urgent need to halt the advance of pathogenic chytrids and prevent incipient loss of biodiversity.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 52%

Genomic innovations linked to infection strategies across emerging pathogenic chytrid fungi

et al. 2017

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“…4 and S15, S16). Surprisingly, we found only one group showing significant enrichment for crossovers: those showing homology to the C-terminal of the Crinkler (CRN) family of oomycete effector proteins found in the Phytophthora genus [32], [33]. Enrichment was found in both Bd GPL and Bd CAPE, whilst not in Bd CH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Chromosomal Copy Number Variation, Selection and Uneven Rates of Recombination Reveal Cryptic Genome Diversity Linked to Pathogenicity

et al. 2013

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Pathogenic fungi constitute a growing threat to both plant and animal species on a global scale. Despite a clonal mode of reproduction dominating the population genetic structure of many fungi, putatively asexual species are known to adapt rapidly when confronted by efforts to control their growth and transmission. However, the mechanisms by which adaptive diversity is generated across a clonal background are often poorly understood. We sequenced a global panel of the emergent amphibian pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), to high depth and characterized rapidly changing features of its genome that we believe hold the key to the worldwide success of this organism. Our analyses show three processes that contribute to the generation of de novo diversity. Firstly, we show that the majority of wild isolates manifest chromosomal copy number variation that changes over short timescales. Secondly, we show that cryptic recombination occurs within all lineages of Bd, leading to large regions of the genome being in linkage equilibrium, and is preferentially associated with classes of genes of known importance for virulence in other pathosystems. Finally, we show that these classes of genes are under directional selection, and that this has predominantly targeted the Global Panzootic Lineage (BdGPL). Our analyses show that Bd manifests an unusually dynamic genome that may have been shaped by its association with the amphibian host. The rates of variation that we document likely explain the high levels of phenotypic variability that have been reported for Bd, and suggests that the dynamic genome of this pathogen has contributed to its success across multiple biomes and host-species.

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“…They are known to induce tissue necrosis, by which pathogenic oomycetes can thrive (69), and thus may play a role during oomycete-mosquito interactions. Arguments that the L. giganteum CRN proteins are crucial to the pathogenicity process include not only the strong cytotoxic activities of these proteins in plants, especially for the DBF motif (70), but also recent evidence that oomycete CRN genes have been horizontally transferred to the emerging frog pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, suggesting that these proteins may impact animal tissues (71). Alternatively, the absence of detectable signal peptides in the CRN proteins (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis of the Entomopathogenic Oomycete Lagenidium giganteum Reveals Putative Virulence Factors

Velasquez

Abiff

Fins

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A combination of 454 pyrosequencing and Sanger sequencing was used to sample and characterize the transcriptome of the entomopathogenic oomycete Lagenidium giganteum. More than 50,000 high-throughput reads were annotated through homology searches. Several selected reads served as seeds for the amplification and sequencing of full-length transcripts. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from full-length cellulose synthase alignments revealed that L giganteum is nested within the peronosporalean galaxy and as such appears to have evolved from a phytopathogenic ancestor. In agreement with the phylogeny reconstructions, full-length L. giganteum oomycete effector orthologs, corresponding to the cellulose-binding elicitor lectin (CBEL), crinkler (CRN), and elicitin proteins, were characterized by domain organizations similar to those of pathogenicity factors of plantpathogenic oomycetes. Importantly, the L. giganteum effectors provide a basis for detailing the roles of canonical CRN, CBEL, and elicitin proteins in the infectious process of an oomycete known principally as an animal pathogen. Finally, phylogenetic analyses and genome mining identified members of glycoside hydrolase family 5 subfamily 27 (GH5_27) as putative virulence factors active on the host insect cuticle, based in part on the fact that GH5_27 genes are shared by entomopathogenic oomycetes and fungi but are underrepresented in nonentomopathogenic genomes. The genomic resources gathered from the L. giganteum transcriptome analysis strongly suggest that filamentous entomopathogens (oomycetes and fungi) exhibit convergent evolution: they have evolved independently from plant-associated microbes, have retained genes indicative of plant associations, and may share similar cores of virulence factors, such as GH5_27 enzymes, that are absent from the genomes of their plant-pathogenic relatives.

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Evidence for acquisition of virulence effectors in pathogenic chytrids

Cited by 44 publications

References 44 publications

Genomic innovations linked to infection strategies across emerging pathogenic chytrid fungi

Genomic innovations linked to infection strategies across emerging pathogenic chytrid fungi

Chromosomal Copy Number Variation, Selection and Uneven Rates of Recombination Reveal Cryptic Genome Diversity Linked to Pathogenicity

Transcriptome Analysis of the Entomopathogenic Oomycete Lagenidium giganteum Reveals Putative Virulence Factors

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