Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory

Zhao, Shizhen; Jones, Kevin C.; Li, Jun; Sweetman, Andrew J.; Liu, Xin; Yue, Xu; Wang, Yan; Lin, Tian; Mao, Shuduan; Li, Kechang; Tang, Junyan; Zhang, Gan

doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b06051

Cited by 76 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Both parent PCB 11 and its hydroxylated, glucuronidated, and sulfated metabolites have been detected in blood samples of exposed individuals (Grimm et al 2017;Sethi et al 2017Sethi et al , 2019Zhu et al 2013). Nonlegacy PCBs, also called unintentionally produced PCBs, now represent the major source of PCBs in the atmosphere of China (Zhao et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiovascular Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Major Metabolites

Grimm

Klaren

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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BACKGROUND: Xenobiotic metabolism is complex, and accounting for bioactivation and detoxification processes of chemicals remains among the most challenging aspects for decision making with in vitro new approach methods data. OBJECTIVES: Considering the physiological relevance of human organotypic culture models and their utility for high-throughput screening, we hypothesized that multidimensional chemical-biological profiling of chemicals and their major metabolites is a sensible alternative for the toxicological characterization of parent molecules vs. metabolites in vitro. METHODS: In this study, we tested 25 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [PCB 3, 11, 52, 126, 136, and 153 and their relevant metabolites (hydroxylated, methoxylated, sulfated, and quinone)] in concentration-response (10 nM-100 lM) for effects in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) and endothelial cells (ECs) (iPSC-derived and HUVECs). Functional phenotypic end points included effects on beating parameters and intracellular Ca 2+ flux in CMs and inhibition of tubulogenesis in ECs. High-content imaging was used to evaluate cytotoxicity, mitochondrial integrity, and oxidative stress. RESULTS: Data integration of a total of 19 physicochemical descriptors and 36 in vitro phenotypes revealed that chlorination status and metabolite class are strong predictors of the in vitro cardiovascular effects of PCBs. Oxidation of PCBs, especially to di-hydroxylated and quinone metabolites, was associated with the most pronounced effects, whereas sulfation and methoxylation of PCBs resulted in diminished bioactivity. DISCUSSION: Risk characterization analysis showed that although in vitro derived effective concentrations exceeded the levels measured in the general population, risks cannot be ruled out due to the potential for population variability in susceptibility and the need to fill data gaps using read-across approaches. This study demonstrated a strategy for how in vitro data can be used to characterize human health risks from PCBs and their metabolites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2013 ). Nonlegacy PCBs, also called unintentionally produced PCBs, now represent the major source of PCBs in the atmosphere of China ( Zhao et al. 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Major Metabolites

Grimm

Klaren

et al. 2020

Environ Health Perspect

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“…The use of the online tool to estimate R values reduces sample processing steps and eliminates the high costs associated with isotopically labeled chemical standards. The model has been used and validated in other passive air sampling campaigns by Zhao et al 2020 25 and Bohlin-Nizzetto et al 2020. 26 Concentrations in air reported in this study are estimated from modeled R values (data reported in previous studies for the years 2005–2009 were corrected based on the new R values).…”

Section: Experimental (Materials and Methods)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking POPs in Global Air from the First 10 Years of the GAPS Network (2005 to 2014)

Schuster

Harner

Eng

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) network, initiated in 2005 across 55 global sites, supports the global monitoring plan (GMP) of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by providing information on POP concentrations in air on a global scale. These data inform assessments of the long-range transport potential of POPs and the effectiveness evaluation of chemical regulation efforts, by observing changes in concentrations over time. Currently, measurements spanning 5–10 sampling years are available for 40 sites from the GAPS Network. This study was the first time that POP concentrations in air were reported on a global scale for an extended time period and the first to evaluate worldwide trends with an internally consistent sample set. For consistency between sampling years, site- and sample specific sampling rates were calculated with a new, public online model, which accounts for the effects of wind speed variability. Concentrations for legacy POPs in air between 2005 and 2014 show different trends for different organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The POPs discussed in this study were chosen due to being the most frequently detected, with detection at the majority of sites. PCB, endosulfan, and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) concentrations in air are decreasing at most sites. The global trends reflect global sources and recycling of HCH, ongoing emissions from old stockpiles for PCBs, and recent use restrictions for endosulfan. These chlorinated OCPs continue to present exposure threat to humans and ecosystems worldwide. Concentrations of other OCPs, such as chlordanes, heptachlor and dieldrin, are steady and/or declining slowly at the majority of sites, reflecting a transition from primary to secondary sources (i.e., re-emission from reservoirs where these POPs have accumulated historically) which now control ambient air burdens.

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“…This is of particular concern should the unknown transformation products be more hazardous than their precursor species, thus making an accurate risk assessment of CECs unattainable.The lack of transformation product identi cation and information associated with their PBT is in part, due to the current target-analysis approach to identifying harmful airborne CECs. 13,14 It is also a result of the immense analytical challenge associated with tracking complex mixtures of airborne chemicals. 7 In particular, atmospheric transformation products, for which no analytical standards exist, are very di cult to distinguish from other species present in complex mixtures.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, CEC transformation products formed in air are not measured in current international and national atmospheric monitoring networks despite their intent of tracking global and regional distributions of CECs. [13][14][15] As a result, only a fraction of the CEC-related chemicals which exist have been monitored. This is of particular concern should the unknown transformation products be more hazardous than their precursor species, thus making an accurate risk assessment of CECs unattainable.The lack of transformation product identi cation and information associated with their PBT is in part, due to the current target-analysis approach to identifying harmful airborne CECs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncovering new global risks from commercial chemicals in air

Liggio¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Commercial chemicals are used extensively across global urban centers, posing a potential exposure risk to 4.2 billion people, which accounts for 55% of the global population. Harmful chemicals are often assessed and regulated based on their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic properties, under international and national initiatives such as the Stockholm Convention. However, current regulatory frameworks largely rely upon knowledge of the properties of the parent chemicals, with minimal consideration given to their atmospheric transformation products. This is mainly due to a significant lack of experimental data, as identifying transformation products in complex mixtures of airborne chemicals is an immense analytical challenge,hence making a comprehensive and reliable risk assessment for harmful chemicals currently unachievable. Here, we develop a novel framework, combining laboratory and field experiments, non-target analysis techniques, and in-silico modelling, to identify and assess the hazards of airborne chemicals, which takes into account atmospheric chemical reactions. By applying this framework to organophosphate flame retardants, as representative chemicals of emerging concern, we find that their transformation products are globally distributed across 18 megacities, representing a previously unrecognized exposure risk for the world’s urban populations. Furthermore, the transformation products can be up to an order of magnitude more persistent, environmentally mobile, and toxic than the parent chemicals. The results indicate that the overall human and environmental risks associated with flame retardants could be significantly underestimated, while highlighting a strong need to include atmospheric transformations in the development of regulations for all harmful chemicals moving forward.

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Evidence for Major Contributions of Unintentionally Produced PCBs in the Air of China: Implications for the National Source Inventory

Cited by 76 publications

References 66 publications

Cardiovascular Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Major Metabolites

Cardiovascular Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their Major Metabolites

Tracking POPs in Global Air from the First 10 Years of the GAPS Network (2005 to 2014)

Uncovering new global risks from commercial chemicals in air

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