Evidence For Nonthermal Effects of Microwave Radiation: Abnormal Development of Irradiated Insect Pupae

Carpenter, R. L.; Livstone, Elliot M.

doi:10.1109/tmtt.1968.1127480

Cited by 77 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Carpenter and Livstone [1971] exposed pupae to 10 GHz RFEMF for 2 h at 17 mW/cm 2 [specific absorption rate (SAR) ¼ 40 W/kg] or for 20-30 min at 68 mW/cm 2 (SAR ¼ 160 W/kg). About 90% of the sham exposed pupae developed normally.…”

Section: Nonmammalian Species Darkling Beetlementioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency fields and teratogenesis

Heynick

Merritt

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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Experimental studies that sought teratologic effects or developmental abnormalities from exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RFEMF) in the range 3 kHz-300 GHz are critically reviewed for their possible consequences on human health. Those studies were conducted on beetles, birds, rodents, and nonhuman primates. Collectively, those experimental studies indicate that teratologic effects can occur only from exposure levels that cause biologically detrimental increases in body temperature. No reliable experimental evidence was found for nonthermal teratologic effects; rodents, mouse fetuses, and perinatal mice are more susceptible to such effects than rats. The primary confirmed effect in rats at high RFEMF levels was initial weight deficits in fetuses and neonates that decreased with infant growth. More generally from findings with pregnant mammals, exposures at RFEMF levels far higher than those permitted under the IEEE human exposure guidelines are necessary to reach or exceed cited experimental thresholds for maternal temperature increases. Some results indicated that the levels necessary to cause such effects in pregnant mammals could exceed those lethal to the dams. In a behavioral study of squirrel monkeys, no effects were observed on usual dam-offspring interactions or EEGs, but unexpected deaths of a number of offspring had occurred. However, this finding was not confirmed in a study solely on infant death using a larger number of subjects for greater statistical validity. Also reviewed were epidemiologic studies of various human populations considered to have been chronically exposed to environmental levels of RFEMF. Early studies on the incidence of congenital anomalies yielded no credible evidence that chronic exposure of pregnant women or of fathers exposed to RFEMF from nearby sources at levels below those guidelines would cause any anomalies in their offspring. The findings of studies on pregnancy outcomes of female physiotherapists occupationally exposed while treating patients with RFEMF were mixed, but taken collectively, the findings were negative. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S174-S186, 2003.

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Section: Nonmammalian Species Darkling Beetlementioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency fields and teratogenesis

Heynick

Merritt

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…En particulier, les réflexes conditionnés sont inhibés, l'excitabilité est diminuée, l'activité motrice spontanée est augmentée. Ces (Carpenter et Livstone, 1971 ;Lindauer et al, 1974) ainsi que des modifications de la morphologie des cellules maintenues en culture (Lin et Chen, 1975 ;Sawicki et Ostrowski, 1968 ;Stodolinik-Barnaska, 1967 ;Valtonen, 1966 ;Chiabrera et al, 1979 ;Alam et al, 1978). Enfin il a été montré que les ondes électro-magnétiques non ionisantes n'avaient aucun pouvoir mutagène chez E. Coli (Averbeck et al, 1976 ;Berteaud et al, 1975) (Bawin et al, 1978 ;Frôhlich, 1973Frôhlich, , 1977rrodsky, 1975, 1976Neumann et al, 1973 ; Katchalsky, 1972).…”

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Effet des ondes électromagnétiques non ionisantes sur la viabilité et l'hérédité des cellules de mammifères en culture établie

Gillois¹,

Augé²,

Chevalet³

1980

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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“…Each of the experimental orientations and durations was duplicated in a control experiment in which handling and other physical processes were the same as in irradiation experiments. Table I shows a very low incidence of defects compared to previously reported wori from other laboratories (2,8). Table II gives the irradiation results and ctatistical ccaparisi.. to the pooled controls for vertically oriented pupae; that is, for those experiments in which the pupal long axis was parallel with the electric field.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The thermal controls exhibited no devei.,pmental effects; therefore, Carpenter and Livstone (2) concluded that the observed microwaveinduced anomalies were nonthermal effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Microwave-Induced Developmental Defects in the Common Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). A Decade of Research.

Olsen¹

1981

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SUMMARY PAGE THE PROBLEMMore than a decade ago, Carpenter and Livstone conducted the first experiments that demonstrated microwave-induced effects in Tenebrio molitor, the common mealworm.Results of those experiments were interpreted to show a "nonthermal" microwave effect.Even though subsequent experiments in other laboratories have produced substantial evidence against any "nonthermal" mechanism per se, many researchers in the area of ele--tromagnetic bioeffects still consider the "nonthermal" effects in insects, as first published in 1971, to be valid.It was important that additional experiments be conducted and the cumulative results be rigorously analyzed to resolve this issue.The existence of a nonthermal biological effect would be of significant value to the theoretical study of microwave interaction mechanisms and would probably have an impact on the process of setting microwave exposure standards. FINDINGSStatistical analysis of the insect irradiation data shows nc microwaveinduced effects for exposures of up to 4 hours at dose rates of 63 watts/kilogram. Micrcowave irradiation, however, at higher intensities (102-126 W/kg) did produce statistically significant effects when applied over a 2-4 hour period. These results are compatible with known microwave interaction mechanisms. RECOMMENDATI ONSAs outlined in this report, experiments in the area of microwave-induced developmental effects in insecis have used acute irradiation parameters where the microwave insult is produced over a period of several hours.So far only a thermal effect has been reliably demonstrated.To more fully explore this area, long-term microwave exposure at subthermal levels is needed.The microwave energy could be applied at a dose rate of approximately one W/kg over the entire 8-day pupation period.

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Evidence For Nonthermal Effects of Microwave Radiation: Abnormal Development of Irradiated Insect Pupae

Cited by 77 publications

References 6 publications

Radiofrequency fields and teratogenesis

Radiofrequency fields and teratogenesis

Effet des ondes électromagnétiques non ionisantes sur la viabilité et l'hérédité des cellules de mammifères en culture établie

Microwave-Induced Developmental Defects in the Common Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). A Decade of Research.

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