Evidence for saxitoxins production by the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in a French recreational water body

Ledreux, Aurélie; Thomazeau, Solène; Catherine, Arnaud; Duval, Clément; Yéprémian, Claude; Marie, Arul; Bernard, Cécile

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2010.07.004

Cited by 73 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Additionally, active but lowlevel biosynthesis of PSTs was demonstrated by the presence of saxitoxin or decarbamoylsaxitoxin in 19% of the 68 samples tested. The results are in line with other studies investigating central European freshwaters (Ballot et al, 2010;Ledreux et al, 2010, Jančula et al, 2014.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Since then, toxinspecific molecular genetic analysis has been employed in the study of PST-producing cyanobacteria in culture and in the field. Several studies on European cyanobacteria have been carried out on strains isolated from freshwater lakes and reservoirs, and many have targeted the PST biosynthesis gene sxtA showing that while all PST-producing strains do carry the gene, it can also be found in Anabaena, Anabaenopsis and Aphanizomenon strains which appear to lack the ability to produce the toxins (Ballot et al, 2010;Ledreux et al, 2010;Cires et al, 2014). Other sxt genes, including sxtG, sxtB, sxtI and sxtX, have been studied to a lesser extent , Gkelis and Zaoutsos, 2014, Savela et al, 2015.…”

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confidence: 99%

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First report of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes and paralytic shellfish toxin production in Polish freshwater lakes

et al. 2017

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In central and southern Europe, Aphanizomenon spp., A. gracile Lemmermann in particular, have been associated with paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production. In western Poland, A. gracile is very common, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszyńska) Seenayya & Subba Raju, another potentially PST-producing species, is often found as well. To date it is, however, unknown if the cyanobacterial populations in this area harbour the genetic capability to produce PSTs, and to what extent toxin biosynthesis occurs. The objective of this study was to survey the prevalence of potentially PST-producing cyanobacteria by measuring paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis gene sxtB copy numbers, sxtA, sxtG and sxtS gene presence, and PST concentrations in Polish freshwater lakes. In total, 34 lakes in western Poland were sampled twice during summer 2010. The presence of PST biosynthesis genes sxtA, sxtG and sxtS was determined using conventional qualitative PCR. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure sxtB copy numbers, and the samples were analysed for PSTs using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography with post-column oxidation and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Cyanobacteria carrying the sxtB gene were present in 23.5% of all samples (n=16) and in 14 lakes of the studied 34. Gene copy numbers ranged from 8.2×104 to 5.1×107 sxtB copies L-1 (mean 3.8×106). The median was 4.5×105 sxtB gene copies L-1 and the majority of results clustered at the lower end of the sxtB qPCR linear range. In 12 out of the 16 samples positive for sxtB the gene co-occurred with the other three targeted PST biosynthesis genes sxtA, sxtG and sxtS. However, five additional samples lacked one or two of the targeted four genes. Thirteen samples contained PSTs, of which 12 samples at levels <0.072 µg L-1, i.e., close to or below the quantitative detection limit of the HPLC-FLD method (0.01 µg L-1). One sample contained 0.57 µg L-1 saxitoxin, co-occurring with all four sxt genes studied. No correlation between PST and sxt gene occurrence or copy numbers was observed. A. gracile and C. raciborskii occurred in 92% and 50% of samples, respectively, containing PSTs, sxt genes or both. In conclusion, the results confirm that potential PST producers constitute an established subpopulation of cyanobacteria in Polish freshwater lakes. However, none of the sxt genes targeted in this study could serve as a reliable marker for active PST biosynthesis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

First report of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes and paralytic shellfish toxin production in Polish freshwater lakes

et al. 2017

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“…in PSP toxin production in Spanish freshwaters (42). Together with findings from Portugal (14), France (34), and Germany (19), Accession numbers are given in parentheses (strains from GenBank) or listed in Table S1 in the supplemental material (strains from this study). Node values are based on 1,000 bootstrap replicates (NJ, MP, and ML analyses).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In this context, Mediterranean Europe is particularly challenging for Nostocales research, as the region represents a transition area between the tropical/subtropical and temperate Central/Northern European freshwater ecosystems. However, extensive studies combining phylogeny and cyanotoxin production by planktonic Nostocales strains have mainly been restricted to Central/Northern European countries (14,17,19,21,(33)(34)(35)(36), and very few have focused on southern or Mediterranean Europe, namely, Portugal (37,38). Spain represents a good location for Nostocales research, as Nostocales were shown to be present in 30 water reservoirs and dominated in 16 out of 47 Spanish water reservoirs studied from 1999 to 2001 (39).…”

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confidence: 99%

Phylogeography of Cylindrospermopsin and Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Nostocales Cyanobacteria from Mediterranean Europe (Spain)

Cirés

Wörmer

Ballot

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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dPlanktonic Nostocales cyanobacteria represent a challenge for microbiological research because of the wide range of cyanotoxins that they synthesize and their invasive behavior, which is presumably enhanced by global warming. To gain insight into the phylogeography of potentially toxic Nostocales from Mediterranean Europe, 31 strains of Anabaena (Anabaena crassa, A. lemmermannii, A. mendotae, and A. planctonica), Aphanizomenon (Aphanizomenon gracile, A. ovalisporum), and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii were isolated from 14 freshwater bodies in Spain and polyphasically analyzed for their phylogeography, cyanotoxin production, and the presence of cyanotoxin biosynthesis genes. The potent cytotoxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN) was produced by all 6 Aphanizomenon ovalisporum strains at high levels (5.7 to 9.1 g CYN mg ؊1 [dry weight]) with low variation between strains (1.5 to 3.9-fold) and a marked extracellular release (19 to 41% dissolved CYN) during exponential growth. Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) neurotoxins (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and decarbamoylsaxitoxin) were detected in 2 Aphanizomenon gracile strains, both containing the sxtA gene. This gene was also amplified in non-PSP toxin-producing Aphanizomenon gracile and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum. Phylogenetic analyses supported the species identification and confirmed the high similarity of Spanish Anabaena and Aphanizomenon strains with other European strains. In contrast, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from Spain grouped together with American strains and was clearly separate from the rest of the European strains, raising questions about the current assumptions of the phylogeography and spreading routes of C. raciborskii. The present study confirms that the nostocalean genus Aphanizomenon is a major source of CYN and PSP toxins in Europe and demonstrates the presence of the sxtA gene in CYN-producing Aphanizomenon ovalisporum.

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“…Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, a toxicogenic cyanobacterium that produces paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs), is frequently encountered in freshwater systems in the world as a result of anthropogenic pressures (Ballot et al, 2010;Ledreux et al, 2010). Waterblooms predominated by A. flos-aquae DC-1 have been recorded in Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, China, in most years in recent decades, reflecting environmental conditions favorable for bloom development (Wu et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidative responses in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins

Zhang

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2015

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Evidence for saxitoxins production by the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in a French recreational water body

Cited by 73 publications

References 64 publications

First report of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes and paralytic shellfish toxin production in Polish freshwater lakes

First report of cyanobacterial paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis genes and paralytic shellfish toxin production in Polish freshwater lakes

Phylogeography of Cylindrospermopsin and Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Nostocales Cyanobacteria from Mediterranean Europe (Spain)

Antioxidative responses in zebrafish liver exposed to sublethal doses Aphanizomenon flos-aquae DC-1 aphantoxins

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