Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 1. The Troposphere

Averbuch, Gil; Ronac‐Giannone, M.; Arrowsmith, Stephen J.; Anderson, J.

doi:10.1029/2021ea002036

Cited by 14 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…Similar observations were made by Averbuch et al. (2022) for tropospheric signals recorded at a distance of 54 km from the location of an active source.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Second, Averbuch et al. (2022) use NASA's MERRA2 product for the atmospheric specifications (Gelaro et al., 2017). The MERRA2 product has limited atmospheric levels and ends below the stratopause.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two differences in the methods used here compared to those used in Averbuch et al (2022). First, Averbuch et al ( 2022) use Green's function Parabolic Equation for the numerical simulations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Area 1, the pits are arranged in a circular shape; in Area 2, they are located along a straight line. Schematics of the areas' geometries can be found in Carmichael et al (2021) and Averbuch et al (2022). Almost every day, the pits are filled up with old ammunition and detonated in 20 s intervals.…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This array aims to act as a source reference (further explanation is provided in Sec. 3 and in Averbuch et al (2022); Appendix B).…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 2. The Stratosphere

Averbuch

Sabatini

Arrowsmith

2022

Earth and Space Science

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Low-frequency sound waves, also known as infrasound, propagate in the atmosphere at frequencies ranging from 0.02 to 20 Hz. Their propagation is affected by temperature and winds, which vary spatially and temporally. Efficient propagation conditions arise when the combination of temperature and winds forms atmospheric waveguides. Such waveguides facilitate infrasound propagation over hundreds and thousands of kilometers (Evers & Haak, 2010).Infrasound is used for the forensic analysis of events, which can be both natural and anthropogenic. For forensic applications, numerical simulations are often used to help interpret the observations. Simulations are based on realistic atmospheric conditions, which are the product of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The weather forecast agencies provide such models at best every 1 hr. Since the atmosphere is a dynamic system, it is continuously changing, and therefore the acoustic propagation conditions change too. Hence, simulated signals using weather prediction models and observed wavefields can be significantly different (Averbuch et al., 2022).Alternatively, infrasound monitoring can be used to probe the atmospheric temperature and winds. While a wide array of technologies measure the lower and upper regions of the atmosphere, the middle atmosphere (30-80 km) is less sampled; this is a result of technological challenges that limit in situ and indirect measurements (S. Kulichkov, 2010;Lee et al., 2019). Since infrasonic waves propagate in these regions, exploiting them to probe the middle atmosphere has been the focus of multiple studies. For example, infrasound characteristics such as travel time, back azimuth, and apparent velocity have been used to quantify atmospheric winds by direct calculations and probabilistic inversions (

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“…Similar observations were made by Averbuch et al. (2022) for tropospheric signals recorded at a distance of 54 km from the location of an active source.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This array aims to act as a source reference (further explanation is provided in Sec. 3 and in Averbuch et al (2022); Appendix B).…”

Section: Data Acquisitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 2. The Stratosphere

Averbuch

Sabatini

Arrowsmith

2022

Earth and Space Science

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Yield Estimation of the August 2020 Beirut Explosion by Using Physics‐Based Propagation Simulations of Regional Infrasound

Kim

Pasyanos

2022

Geophysical Research Letters

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The August 2020 Beirut explosion is the largest single‐fired ammonium nitrate explosion documented in history. The massive explosion excited loud infrasound in the atmosphere, and clear waveforms were recorded by a regional infrasound array at an epicentral distance of 100 km, allowing for accurate measurements of explosion energy. We estimate the explosion size based on the infrasound waveform inversion. Unlike conventional inversions using empirical models, we perform full 3‐D finite‐difference simulations to obtain a physics‐based propagation model for the inversion. Accurate numerical modeling of infrasound is challenging as the propagation is substantially affected by the turbulent atmosphere. Instead of a single deterministic prediction, we provide a range of waveform predictions by running multiple simulations with stochastic weather forecast models, which allows for comprehensive uncertainty analysis of numerical modeling and estimated yields. Finally, we expand the yield estimation technique for seismoacoustic analysis and demonstrate the substantial advantage of the joint approach.

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Probing Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere Using Infrasound From Explosions

et al. 2023

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This study uses low‐frequency, inaudible acoustic waves (infrasound) to probe wind and temperature fluctuations associated with breaking gravity waves (GWs) in the middle atmosphere. Building on an approach introduced by Chunchuzov et al., infrasound recordings are used to retrieve effective sound‐speed fluctuations in an inhomogeneous atmospheric layer that causes infrasound backscattering. The infrasound was generated by controlled blasts at Hukkakero, Finland, and recorded at the IS37 infrasound station, Norway in the late summers 2014–2017. Our findings indicate that the analyzed infrasound scattering occurs at mesospheric altitudes of 50–75 km, a region where GWs interact under non‐linearity, forming thin layers of strong wind shear. The retrieved fluctuations were analyzed in terms of vertical wave number spectra, resulting in an approximate kz−3 ${k}_{z}^{-3}$ power law that corresponds to the “universal” saturated spectrum of atmospheric GWs. The kz−3 ${k}_{z}^{-3}$ power law wavenumber range corresponds to vertical atmospheric scales of 33–625 m. The fluctuation spectra were compared to theoretical GW saturation theories as well as to independent wind measurements by the Saura medium‐frequency radar near Andøya Space Center around 100 km west of IS37, yielding a good agreement in terms of vertical wavenumber spectrum amplitudes and slopes. This suggests that the radar and infrasound‐based effective sound‐speed profiles represent low‐ and high‐wavenumber regimes of the same “universal” GW spectrum. The results illustrate that infrasound allows for probing fine‐scale dynamics not well captured by other techniques, suggesting that infrasound can provide a complementary technique to probe atmospheric GWs.

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Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 1. The Troposphere

Cited by 14 publications

References 84 publications

Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 2. The Stratosphere

Evidence for Short Temporal Atmospheric Variations Observed by Infrasonic Signals: 2. The Stratosphere

Yield Estimation of the August 2020 Beirut Explosion by Using Physics‐Based Propagation Simulations of Regional Infrasound

Probing Gravity Waves in the Middle Atmosphere Using Infrasound From Explosions

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