“…Inasmuch as the UV−visible absorption spectra of Ru(II)−diimine complexes, such as Ru(bpy) 3 2+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine), in solution are virtually independent of the solvent and the presence of other solutes, ground-state interactions cannot be easily observed by that technique. On the other hand, NMR spectroscopy enables interactions to be detected; metal−ligand interactions, − Ru(II)−EDTA ion-pairing in the presence of methylviologen (1,1‘-dimethyl-4,4‘-bipyridinium cation), and oligonucleotide DNA binding − have been examined by that technique.…”