2019
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900500116
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Evidence for the reproduction of social class in brief speech

Abstract: Economic inequality is at its highest point on record and is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries. The forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and here we examine how a person’s position within the economic hierarchy, their social class, is accurately perceived and reproduced by mundane patterns embedded in brief speech. Studies 1 through 4 examined the extent that people accurately perceive social class based on brief speech patterns. We find that brief speech spoken out o… Show more

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Cited by 68 publications
(69 citation statements)
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References 34 publications
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“…From this view, individuals are seen as calculating Homo economicus, assessing inequality accurately and numerically, and then ostensibly acting on it. 2 As a result, research on perceptions of inequality revolves around quantifying people's numeric estimates of the scope of inequality in society-that is, "extracting the numbers from people's head"and comparing these estimates to actual indices of economic inequality (e.g., Chambers et al, 2014;Hoy & Mager, 2018;Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014;Kraus et al, 2019;Norton & Ariely, 2011). The accuracy of these estimates has been heatedly debated, with researchers reaching somewhat different conclusions depending on the way these numbers were elicited (e.g., Eriksson & Simpson, 2012;Norton & Ariely, 2013).…”
Section: What Do People Mean When They Say "Inequality"?mentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…From this view, individuals are seen as calculating Homo economicus, assessing inequality accurately and numerically, and then ostensibly acting on it. 2 As a result, research on perceptions of inequality revolves around quantifying people's numeric estimates of the scope of inequality in society-that is, "extracting the numbers from people's head"and comparing these estimates to actual indices of economic inequality (e.g., Chambers et al, 2014;Hoy & Mager, 2018;Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014;Kraus et al, 2019;Norton & Ariely, 2011). The accuracy of these estimates has been heatedly debated, with researchers reaching somewhat different conclusions depending on the way these numbers were elicited (e.g., Eriksson & Simpson, 2012;Norton & Ariely, 2013).…”
Section: What Do People Mean When They Say "Inequality"?mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, even cues that are attended to outside of conscious awareness can influence perceptions of inequality. For example, people can rapidly and accurately assess status hierarchies and form impressions about social class (Kraus & Keltner, 2009;Kraus, Park, & Tan, 2017;Kraus, Torrez, et al, 2019; In sum, both cognitive biases and individual differences influence the cues people attend to and retrieve when forming perceptions of inequality, both within and outside of conscious awareness. However, in order for these cues to influence how much inequality people perceive in society, people need to understand or comprehend these cues.…”
Section: Attentionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…In sum, findings from the literature on masculinity suggest that one reason why men may evaluate high SES more positively is because SES is communicated easily and publicly through various cues (e.g. posture, voice, clothing: [3,[72][73][74]) that convey control over social and financial capital. Publicly conveying such an image would be important for claiming, restoring and/or maintaining one's identity as a man [53].…”
Section: Social Hierarchy and Masculine Identitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although education is associated with income, it can also be considered a reliable index of SES on its own [78] that is readily ascertained in social interactions (e.g. through speech: [72]). Education affords greater occupational opportunities [79][80][81] and upward economic mobility [82,83].…”
Section: Educationmentioning
confidence: 99%