Evidence for the transmission of Salmonella from reptiles to children in Germany, July 2010 to October 2011

Pees, Michael; Rabsch, Wolfgang; Plenz, Bastian; Fruth, Angelika; Prager, Rita; Simon, Sandra; Münch, Sebastian; Braun, Peggy G.

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.46.20634

Cited by 48 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…A large number of different Salmonella subspecies and serovars can be found on cloacal swabs of healthy captive chameleons (Woodward et al 1997;Geue and Löscher 2002;Willis et al 2002;Ebani et al 2005;Pees et al 2013). Our current study of 15 healthy captive female chameleons did not find any of the serovars previously reported, but extended the list found in this species with additional four different S. enterica serovars.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 35%

“…However, in stressed and/or immunosuppressed reptiles, Salmonella caused bacterial granuloma, septicaemia, pneumonia, nephritis, and death (Onderka and Finlayson 1985). Previous studies have identified Salmonella serovars Agona, Ajiobo, Arizonae, Durban, Ebrie, Enteritidis, Gaminara, Houten, Othmarschen, Pomona, Simi, Tel-el-kebir, IV 43:z 4 ,z 23 :-and IIIb 61:z 52 :z 53 in a few healthy captive individual chameleons (Woodward et al 1997;Geue and Löscher 2002;Willis et al 2002;Ebani et al 2005;Pees et al 2013). To date it is not known whether Salmonella species would be different or more widespread within a collection of healthy captive chameleons.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The incidence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species isolated from cloacae of captive veiled chameleons

et al. 2015

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Salmonella can be present in the intestinal flora of captive reptiles without clinical disease or it can cause life threatening morbidity. The presence of certain species of Salmonella in reptiles is consistent with them being the source of contamination in some cases of human disease. Thus, Salmonella positive animals can be a potential public health concern even more when strains acquire resistance to antibiotics. The nature and extent of Salmonella harboured by different species of reptiles commonly kept in captivity are not known. The aims of this study were to analyse the incidence of Salmonella species in cloacae as an indicator of the intestinal flora in a cohort of healthy captive bred female veiled chameleons. A cloacal sample was taken from each of fifteen healthy captive bred, adult female veiled chameleons that were housed at a teaching and research clinic. Salmonella isolates were confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and positive cases were serotyped by slide agglutination test. Salmonella organisms were detected in 12 chameleons. Eighty percent of chameleons harboured 1 of 4 subspecies and serovars of Salmonella. All strains belonged to the species enterica, predominantly subspecies enterica (91.7 %) and were distributed among 4 different serovars: S.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 35%

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confidence: 99%

The incidence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species isolated from cloacae of captive veiled chameleons

et al. 2015

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“…Reptiles are often asymptomatic carriers of some important pathogenic bacteria [3][4][5]. In particular, several studies showed that cold-blooded animals are direct or indirect source of salmonellae in human infection outbreaks [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella infection in healthy pet reptiles: Bacteriological isolation and study of some pathogenic characters

Bertelloni¹,

Chemaly²,

Cerri³

et al. 2016

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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The fecal samples from 213 captive reptiles were examined, and 29 (13.61%) Salmonella enterica isolates were detected: 14/62 (22.58%) from chelonians, 14/135 (10.37%) from saurians, and 1/16 (6.25%) from ophidians. The isolates were distributed among 14 different serotypes: Miami, Ebrie, Hermannsweder, Tiergarten, Tornov, Pomona, Poona, Goteborg, Abaetetube, Nyanza, Kumasi, Typhimurium, 50:b:z 6 , 9,12:z 29 :1,5, and a non-motile serotype with antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:-:-. Salmonella typhimurium and 50:b:z 6 isolates showed the spv plasmid virulence genes, responsible of the capability to induce extra-intestinal infections. In some cases, pulsed field gel electrophoresis revealed different profiles for the strains of the same serotypes, showing different origins, whereas a common source of infection was supposed when one pulsotype had been observed for isolates of a serovar. Twentyseven (93.10%) isolates showed resistance to one or more antibiotics. Ceftazidime was active to all the tested isolates, whereas the highest percentages of strains were no susceptible to tigecycline (93.10%), streptomycin (89.66%), and sulfonamide (86.21%).

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“…Pogona vitticeps unspecified reptile (Wikstrom et al 2014) Pogona vitticeps (Pees et al 2013 (Briones et al 2004). This could be due to the high number of reptile species bred in captivity together with the large variety of serotypes isolated from them.…”

Section: Eublepharis Maculariusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infection can be contracted by direct contact with reptiles or indirectly from an environment contaminated by the faeces of infected animals. Cases of reptile-associated salmonellosis (RAS) have been observed in humans (e.g., Bertrand et al 2008;Pees et al 2013). RAS cases have been reported to be associated with young age and a higher rate of hospitalisation (Murphy and Oshin 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella species isolated from captive reptiles in the Czech Republic

Tomáštíková¹,

Romero²,

Knotek³

et al. 2017

Vet. Med.

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This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and characterising the strains of Salmonella species in various captive reptiles in the Czech Republic. A total of 211 samples of cloacal swabs from lizards, chelonians and snakes, and 14 swabs from terraria surfaces were collected between November 2014 and July 2015. After isolation according to the reference method (EN ISO), Salmonella spp. isolates were characterised using serotyping and macrorestriction analysis followed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Altogether, 39 isolates were obtained from 29 (19%) reptiles and from terraria surfaces. Among the different reptilian species, Salmonella spp. were found in 22 (25.6%) lizards, three (17.6%) snakes and four (8%) chelonians with 31 isolates classified as Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica and eight isolates classified as Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae. In total, 14 different serotypes were detected, with the most frequent serotypes being Salmonella Oranienburg, S. Fluntern, S. Tennessee and S. Cotham. Resistance to one antimicrobial agent (ampicillin, tetracycline or streptomycin) was detected in five isolates. The results of the macrorestriction analysis within the serotype groups showed varying level of heterogeneity. This study confirms that reptiles kept as pets can be both carriers and reservoirs of Salmonella spp., and that they can harbour various serotypes with intermittent excretion of the bacteria in faeces. Half of the detected serotypes have been involved in human reptileassociated salmonellosis cases in the past.

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Evidence for the transmission of Salmonella from reptiles to children in Germany, July 2010 to October 2011

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Cited by 48 publications

References 44 publications

The incidence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species isolated from cloacae of captive veiled chameleons

The incidence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella species isolated from cloacae of captive veiled chameleons

Salmonella infection in healthy pet reptiles: Bacteriological isolation and study of some pathogenic characters

Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella species isolated from captive reptiles in the Czech Republic

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