Evidence for two different reaction mechanisms in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Baumgardt, Holger; Friedländer, E. M.; Schopper, E.

doi:10.1088/0305-4616/7/8/004

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Baumgardt, Friedlander, and Schopper [4] showed that all heavy target elements in nuclear emulsion with a mass A ≥ 12 amu are involved in primary interactions. However, they studied only those nuclear interactions, (observed under an optical microscope as a "star" in a nuclear emulsion) where target-like products, visible as a number of heavy tracks, either black or grey, could be separated experimentally in a clear manner from relativistic projectile-like fragments moving forward as minimumionizing ions (visible as thin tracks).…”

Section: Primary Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An example of such an event is shown in Figure 1. The authors of [4] restricted their analysis further to such events having at least one projectile-like fragment with Z ≥ 3 and at least one projectile-like helium-ion (Z = 2). They measured the pseudo-rapidity (related to the transverse-momentum P t ) only for these helium-ions and treated the angular distribution of the He projectile fragments within the framework of thermodynamic models.…”

Section: Primary Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it was in the following completely ignored by all scientists, even by Friedlander himself. We will re-investigate the phenomena observed in [4]. Our interest is Fe observed in nuclear emulsions, following a suggestion of the late Professor Schopper:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In 1996, the late Professor E. Schopper (Frankfurt) informed the Marburg group in a private letter that Baumgardt, Friedlander and Schopper had shown in 1984 [4] that two distinctly different exit channels had been observed in the reaction of 100 GeV 56 Fe ions with nuclear emulsion. Fifteen years later, we are following up on Prof. Schopper's suggestion to continue our work in this direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ar projectiles. These reactions were studied about three decades ago [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. For all relevant interactions with target atoms in emulsion ( 107,109 Ag, 79,81 Br, 16 O, 14 N, 12 C), but not with protons, the energy threshold of E CM /u ≈ 150 MeV is clearly exceeded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above ECM/u ≈ 150 MeV

Ganssauge¹,

Westmeier²,

Brandt³

2013

WJNST

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An enhanced neutron production and an enhanced nuclear destruction due to secondary fragments have been observed in very thick targets irradiated with high energy ions. This enhancement is beyond theoretical calculations and it is an unresolved problem. It is observed only when primary ion interactions exceed an energy threshold (E CM /u ≈ 150 MeV). Investigations using nuclear emulsions for very high-energy nuclear reactions suggest that two distinctly different classes of relativistic projectile-like fragments are emitted in primary interactions: a "cool" channel with a temperature of (T(p) cool ≈ 10 MeV), and a "hot" channel with (T(p) hot ≈ 40 MeV. This second reaction class may induce the above mentioned enhanced reactions of secondary fragments, thus being responsible for unresolved problems. This assumption should be studied in further experiments. Nuclear interactions of secondary particles in thick targets are of interest, in particular in view of radiation protection needs for high energy and high intensity heavy ion accelerators. Many basic ideas of this paper go back to the late Professor E. Schopper (Frankfurt).

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Section: Primary Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Primary Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above ECM/u ≈ 150 MeV

Ganssauge¹,

Westmeier²,

Brandt³

2013

WJNST

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Der experimentelle Stand der Anomalonen‐Forschung

Ganssauge

1987

Annalen der Physik

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I n h a l t s i i b e r s i c h t . Es wird ein tfberblick iiber den derzeitigen Stand (Oktober 1986) der experimentellen Anomalonenforschung gegeben. Die verschiedenen MelJmethoden, Kernspuremulsionstechnik, Silberchlorid-, Einkristall-, Plastik-, Cerenkovzahler-und Blasenkammerexperimente werden einander gegeniibergestellt und ihre Ergebnisse verglichen, wobei den AgC1-Detektoren und der SCHOPPERSChen Auswerteapparatur eine besondere Bedeutung fur die zukiinftige Forschung auf diesem Gebiet zuerkannt wird.Dem Computertrend folgend erscheinen diejenigen Methoden, die mit elektronischer Datenauswertung arbeiten, wie Plaistkdetektoren, Cerenkovzahler und der ,,Crystallball"unkritisck bewertetaufgrund ihrer hohen Datenmenge den direkten MeBmethoden, wie Kernspuremulsionen und AgC1-Einkristallen, eindeutig iiberlegen. Ein bislang vorwiegend negatives Resultat dieser elelrtronischen Methoden beziiglich des Anomaloneneffektes, der im ersten Kapitel beschrieben wird, kann in dessen auBerst komplexer Natur bei geringer Ionisationsausbeute liegen. So deuten beispielsweise eine Reihe von Emulsionsmessungen darauf hin, da13 er vonviegend in ,,weiBen" Sternen (Nh = 0) auftritt. Das konnte eventuell erklaren, weshalb diejenigen Emulsionsgruppen, die sehr unempfindliche Emulsionen benutzen, kein positives Ergebnis erbringen konnen. Zu bedenken sind i1.a. die physikalischen Parameter fur den ungeklarten Umstand, daB z. B. dieselbe Emulsionsgruppe den Effekt bei einem Projektil der Energie E einmal sieht, bei einem anderen Projektil derselben Energie jedoch nicht findet. Es erscheint notwendig, systematisch von anderer Seite nach weiteren Charakteristika der Anomalonen zu suchen. Die neue radiochemische Methode scheint ein interessanter VorstoD in diese Richtung zu sein. Es ware wiinschenswert, die Bemiihungen um eine Automatisierung der Emulsionsmethode weiter voranzutreiben, insbesondere Arbeiten zu unterstutzen, die auf diesem Wege bereits geleistet worden sind. Einige Gedanken dazu sind im SchluBkapitel wiedergegeben.Die umfangreiche theoretische Literatur konnte nur kurz gestreift werden, obwohl sie teilweise hochinteressante Ideen liefert.Insgesamt kann dieser Bericht nur den Anspruch eines Zwischenberichtes erheben; er zeigt gerade, d a B die Anomalonenforschung noch ziemlich am Anfang steht. Ann. Physik Leipzig 44 (1987) 3 Abb. 1. Das Forscliungsgebiet hochenergetischer Kern-Kern-StoBe : die Energie E, auf die sich Teilchen beschleunigen lassen, ist gegen die Massenzahl A aufgetragen. Oberhalb der durchgezopnen Linie befidet sich vorniegend unerforschtes Gebiet. Der Uranstrahl in Berkeley, wie die Sauerstoffstrahlen in Brookhaven und am CERK eroffnen neue Moglichkeiten fur die Forschung Zwei Moglichkeiten ? ANOMALON $# fTHEOR1E FEHLT) .,ZUSCHAUER"' q h 7 0 % HADRONISCHE MATERIE '3 6 d 19 a QUARK-GLUON PLASMA (EXP. FEHLT) Abb. 2. Die beiden ?iI6glichkeiten, einen hochenergetischen Kern-Kern-StoB zu interpretieren : 1) Kernmaterie nird derart erhitzt und komprimiert, da5 ein Phasenubergang zu einem Quark-Gluon-Plasma erfo...

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Early History of Shock Waves in Heavy Ion Collisions (The Frankfurt Group)

Schopper¹

1989

The Nuclear Equation of State

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Evidence for two different reaction mechanisms in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Cited by 29 publications

References 7 publications

Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above <i>E</i><sub>CM/<i>u</i></sub> ≈ 150 MeV

Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above <i>E</i><sub>CM/<i>u</i></sub> ≈ 150 MeV

Der experimentelle Stand der Anomalonen‐Forschung

Early History of Shock Waves in Heavy Ion Collisions (The Frankfurt Group)

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Evidence for two different reaction mechanisms in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

Cited by 29 publications

References 7 publications

Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above &lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;CM/&lt;i&gt;u&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ≈ 150 MeV

Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above &lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;CM/&lt;i&gt;u&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ≈ 150 MeV

Der experimentelle Stand der Anomalonen‐Forschung

Early History of Shock Waves in Heavy Ion Collisions (The Frankfurt Group)

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Product

Resources

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Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above <i>E</i><sub>CM/<i>u</i></sub> ≈ 150 MeV

Potential Correlations between Unexplained Experimental Observables and Hot Projectile-Like Fragments in Primary Interactions above <i>E</i><sub>CM/<i>u</i></sub> ≈ 150 MeV