Evidence of acaricide resistance in different life stages of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from the same farm in the state of Veracruz, Mexico

Higa, Leandro de Oliveira Souza; Piña, Francisco Tobías Barradas; Rodrigues, Vinícius da Silva; Garcia, Marcos Valério; Salas, Dora Romero; Miller, Robert J.; León, Adalberto Pérez de; Barros, Jacqueline Cavalcante; Andreotti, Renato

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104837

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The genetic plasticity of A. mixtum is reflected in its adaptation to infest the water buffalo [ 12 ], which is a livestock species introduced to Mexico [ 21 ]. Resistance to multiple classes of acaricides among populations of A. mixtum infesting livestock in Veracruz state was confirmed [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The A. mixtum analyzed in this study were sampled in parts of Veracruz state where livestock are treated intensely with acaricides [ 14 , 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Syntethic acaricides are used to control ticks infesting livestock including A. mixtum . The indiscriminate use of acaricides is a major driver for the emergence of acaricide resistance among populations of A. mixtum infesting livestock in Veracruz state [ 14 ]. This is concerning because evidence for the emergence of resistance to multiple classes of acaricides is in this three-host tick species even when gene flow associated with lack of genetic differentiation was documented for A. mixtum populations in the same region [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphometrics of Amblyomma mixtum in the State of Veracruz, Mexico

et al. 2021

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The tick Amblyomma mixtum is an ectoparasite of veterinary and public health importance because of its role as a vector of zoonotic pathogens. However, little is known about A. mixtum intraspecific variability and if morphological differentiation exists between populations across its geographic range. This study aimed to determine by electron microscopy the morphological variability of A. mixtum populations in the state of Veracruz, which has a large livestock population among states in Mexico. Forty male and 40 female A. mixtum collected from the 10 natural regions of Veracruz state were analyzed microscopically to accomplish main component analysis for each sex. Clusters were calculated with the out-tree method and a dendrogram produced to group the specimens according to their morphometric characteristics. Using 10 main components, 77% of the morphological variation of the ticks was explained. This is a reflection of scarce intraspecific variation between females. The dendogram for females grouped six clusters of specimens with similar characteristics. Morphometric variability in males was described using eight main components. Limited intraspecific variation was also observed between males. In males, the dendogram yielded six groups with similar morphometric characteristics. Morphometric analyses confirmed that the only species from the Amblyomma cajennense complex that are parasites to livestock in Veracruz state is A. mixtum. The eryxenous nature of A. mixtum combined with the frequent movement of livestock hosts may contribute to the apparent homogeneous phenotype of this tick species in Mexico.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The A. mixtum analyzed in this study were sampled in parts of Veracruz state where livestock are treated intensely with acaricides [ 14 , 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphometrics of Amblyomma mixtum in the State of Veracruz, Mexico

et al. 2021

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“…Currently, it seems that A. mixtum has a greater distribution, since this species has been able to adapt to various ecological niches, including semi-arid grasslands and subtropical secondary forests (Estrada-Peña et al, 2004); in addition to its great capacity to occupy the ecological niches of other ticks (i.e., R. microplus under high pressure from acaricides) (Alonso- Díaz et al, 2013b). This ectoparasite has a heteroxenous life cycle and is a generalist species that infests livestock, humans and, wildlife in Mexico (Aguilar-Domínguez et al, 2019;Higa et al, 2020). It causes economic losses due to the large amount of blood taken from its hosts and the transmission of infectious diseases to domestic/wild animals (Anaplasma marginale) and humans (Rickettsia ricketsii) (Alonso- Díaz et al, 2013b;Aguilar-Domínguez et al, 2019).…”

Section: Amblyomma Mixtummentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico

Alonso-Díaz

Fernández-Salas

2021

Front. Fungal Biol.

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Ticks are one of the main economic threats to the cattle industry worldwide affecting productivity, health and welfare. The need for alternative methods to control tick populations is prompted by the high prevalence of multiresistant tick strains to the main chemical acaricides and their ecological consequences. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is one of the most promising alternative options. The objective of this paper is to review the use of EPF as an alternative control method against cattle ticks in Mexico. Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. are the most studied EPF for the biological control of ticks in the laboratory and in the field, mainly against Rhipicephalus microplus; however, evaluations against other important cattle ticks such as Amblyomma mixtum and R. annulatus, are needed. A transdisciplinary approach is required to incorporate different types of tools, such as genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics in order to better understand the pathogenicity/virulence mechanism in EPF against ticks. Laboratory tests have demonstrated the EPF efficacy to control susceptible and resistant/multiresistant tick populations; whereas, field tests have shown satisfactory control efficiency of M. anisopliae s.l. against different stages of R. microplus when applied both on pasture and on cattle. Epidemiological aspects of ticks and environmental factors are considered as components that influence the acaricidal behavior of the EPF. Finally, considering all these aspects, some recommendations are proposed for the use of EPF in integrated control schemes for livestock ticks.

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“…The most widely adopted method for tick control is the repeated use of different classes of acaricides. However, indiscriminate use of chemical acaricides "on" and "off" the hosts has led to the emergence and establishment of acaricide-resistant tick populations throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world [9][10][11][12], including India [13,14]. Besides adding to environmental pollution, the acaricide residues also contaminate milk and meat products [15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of Rhipicephalus microplus Based on Bm86 Gene Sequence

et al. 2021

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The control of cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is focused on repeated use of acaricides. However, due to growing acaricide resistance and residues problem, immunization of animals along with limited use of effective acaricides is considered a suitable option for the control of tick infestations. To date, more than fifty vaccine candidates have been identified and tested worldwide, but two vaccines were developed using the extensively studied candidate, Bm86. The main reason for limited vaccine commercialization in other countries is genetic diversity in the Bm86 gene leading to considerable variation in vaccine efficacy. India, with 193.46 million cattle population distributed in 28 states and 9 union territories, is suffering from multiple tick infestation dominated by R. microplus. As R. microplus has developed multi-acaricide resistance, an efficacious vaccine may provide a sustainable intervention for tick control. Preliminary experiments revealed that the presently available commercial vaccine based on the BM86 gene is not efficacious against Indian strain. In concert with the principle of reverse vaccinology, genetic polymorphism of the Bm86 gene within Indian isolates of R. microplus was studied. A 578 bp conserved nucleotide sequences of Bm86 from 65 R. microplus isolates collected from 9 Indian states was sequenced and revealed 95.6–99.8% and 93.2–99.5% identity in nucleotides and amino acids sequences, respectively. The identities of nucleotides and deduced amino acids were 94.7–99.8% and 91.8–99.5%, respectively, between full-length sequence (orf) of the Bm86 gene of IVRI-I strain and published sequences of vaccine strains. Six nucleotides deletion were observed in Indian Bm86 sequences. Four B-cell epitopes (D519-K554, H563-Q587, C598-T606, T609-K623), which are present in the conserved region of the IVRI-I Bm86 sequence, were selected. The results confirm that the use of available commercial Bm86 vaccines is not a suitable option against Indian isolates of R. microplus. A country-specific multi-epitope Bm86 vaccine consisting of four specific B-cell epitopes along with candidate molecules, subolesin and tropomyosin in chimeric/co-immunization format may provide a sustainable option for implementation in an integrated tick management system.

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Evidence of acaricide resistance in different life stages of Amblyomma mixtum and Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from the same farm in the state of Veracruz, Mexico

Cited by 26 publications

References 24 publications

Morphometrics of Amblyomma mixtum in the State of Veracruz, Mexico

Morphometrics of Amblyomma mixtum in the State of Veracruz, Mexico

Entomopathogenic Fungi for Tick Control in Cattle Livestock From Mexico

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Indian Isolates of Rhipicephalus microplus Based on Bm86 Gene Sequence

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