Evidence of coinfection of pigs with African swine fever virus and porcine circovirus 2

Dundon, William G.; Franzo, Giovanni; Settypalli, Tirumala Bharani Kumar; Dharmayanti, Ni Luh Putu Indi; Ankhanbaatar, Ulaankhuu; Sendow, Indrawati; Ratnawati, Atik; Sainnokhoi, Tserenchimed; Molini, Umberto; Cattoli, Giovanni; Lamien, Charles Euloge

doi:10.1007/s00705-021-05312-7

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The possibility of ASFV and PCV2 co-infection has already been reported from the archived DNA samples in Indonesia and Mongolia (Dundon et al. 2022 ). In the wild boar, PCV2 might persist without exhibiting prominent clinical or pathological changes and can be a potent reservoir (Ramos et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In addition, co-infection of ASFV with other common swine viruses in Wild boars was also checked to assess the ASF situation in NE region of India accurately as there are reports of dual ASFV infection or ASFV with other viruses (Dundon et al. 2022 ) due to factors like high circulation of a disease, prevalence of endemic diseases, co-circulation of viral strains in a particular locality, geographically and temporally links between separate outbreaks (Mulumba-Mfumu et al. 2017 ; Fiori et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transmission of African swine fever virus to the wild boars of Northeast India

Buragohain

Barman

Sen

et al. 2023

Veterinary Quarterly

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Background India recorded the first outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in North-eastern region (NER) in the year 2020. Aim The current study was undertaken to investigate the transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the wild boars of Northeast India, particularly of Assam. Material and Methods ASF suspected mortal tissue remains and blood samples of wild boars collected from different locations of Assam were screened for molecular detection of swine viruses which includes Classical swine fever virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and ASFV. Results One sample each from Manas and Nameri National Parks was detected positive for ASFV. Besides this, one of the samples was positive for CSFV and one of the ASFV positive samples was also positive for PCV2. Several striking gross and microscopic alterations were noticed in different organs of ASFV infected animals. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of B646L gene confirmed the presence of ASFV genotype-II in wild boars. Circulation of similar genotype in domestic pigs of NER in the contemporary period as well as locations near to the aforementioned national parks indicates the transmission of ASFV from domestic to wild boars. Clinical Relevance The detection of ASFV in the wild boars of Assam is alarming as it is an impending threat to pig population and other endangered species (particularly Pygmy hog), making it increasingly daunting to control the disease. Conclusion Chances are high for ASFV to become endemic in Assam region if stringent measures are not taken at proper time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of African swine fever virus to the wild boars of Northeast India

Buragohain

Barman

Sen

et al. 2023

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…[36,38], or even other PCVs [38]. Recent data indicate that not only PCV2, but also PCV3, may coinfect domestic pigs with ASFV [19][20][21]. PCV3 coinfection was also confirmed with PEDV [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Recent data indicate that coinfection with PCVs and ASFV is possible, at least in domestic pigs, which was confirmed with PCV2 in Mongolia [19], and with PCV3 in Mozambique [20] and Nigeria [21]. It is still unclear whether PCV2 or PCV3 infection predisposed the pigs to the ASFV infection, and that subject requires further analysis [19][20][21]. In both cases, the samples originated from domestic pigs, and there is still no data on ASFV coinfection with PCVs in wild boars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Poland: Prevalence in Wild Boar Population in Connection with African Swine Fever (ASF)

Frant,

Mazur-Panasiuk,

Gal-Cisoń

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Human health is dependent on food safety and, therefore, on the health of farm animals. One of the most significant threats in regard to swine diseases is African swine fever (ASF). Infections caused by porcine circoviruses (PCVs) represent another important swine disease. Due to the ubiquitous nature of PCV2, it is not surprising that this virus has been detected in ASFV-affected pigs. However, recent data indicate that coinfection of PCV3 and ASFV also occurs. It is still unclear whether PCV infection plays a role in ASFV infection, and that subject requires further analysis. The aim of this study was to assess whether PCV3 and PCV4 are present in the wild boar population in Poland (real-time PCR). The analysis was performed on wild boar samples collected for routine ASF surveillance in Poland, between 2018 and 2021. By extension, the obtained data were compared in regard to ASFV presence in these samples, thus investigating the odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland. In addition, sequencing of PCV3 and phylogenetic analysis were performed, based on a full genome and a capsid gene. In the current study, we demonstrated the high prevalence of PCV3 in the wild boar population in Poland; meanwhile, PCV4 was not detected. The odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV3 carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland was more than twice as high. Ten full genome sequences of PCV3 were obtained, all of them belonging to clade 3a. The similarity between them was in the range of 98.78–99.80%.

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“…Although the interaction of those pathogens of interest was not assessed, the development of this assay certainly offered a tentative diagnosis of the major swine hemorrhagic diseases. In addition, a similar report revealed evidence of the ASFV+PCV2 coinfection (56). Recently, a comparison of the clinical and immunological responses to the highly virulent ASFV strain Armenia 2008 and the attenuated strain Estonia 2014 between specific pathogen free (SPF) pigs and commercial farm pigs vaccinated with PCV2, Escherichia coli and Lawsonia intracellularis vaccines were found to be .…”

Section: Virus-to-virus Interactions and Coinfectionsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever

Assavacheep

Thanawongnuwech

2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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A few decades ago, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) exerted a major economic impact on the global swine industry, particularly due to the adoption of intensive farming by the latter during the 1980's. Since then, the emerging of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as major immunosuppressive viruses led to an interaction with other endemic pathogens (e.g., Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, etc.) in swine farms, thereby exacerbating the endemic clinical diseases. We herein, review and discuss various dynamic polymicrobial infections among selected swine pathogens. Traditional biosecurity management strategies through multisite production, parity segregation, batch production, the adoption of all-in all-out production systems, specific vaccination and medication protocols for the prevention and control (or even eradication) of swine diseases are also recommended. After the introduction of the African swine fever (ASF), particularly in Asian countries, new normal management strategies minimizing pig contact by employing automatic feeding systems, artificial intelligence, and robotic farming and reducing the numbers of vaccines are suggested. Re-emergence of existing swine pathogens such as PRRSV or PCV2, or elimination of some pathogens may occur after the ASF-induced depopulation. ASF-associated repopulating strategies are, therefore, essential for the establishment of food security. The “repopulate swine farm” policy and the strict biosecurity management (without the use of ASF vaccines) are, herein, discussed for the sustainable management of small-to-medium pig farms, as these happen to be the most potential sources of an ASF re-occurrence. Finally, the ASF disruption has caused the swine industry to rapidly transform itself. Artificial intelligence and smart farming have gained tremendous attention as promising tools capable of resolving challenges in intensive swine farming and enhancing the farms' productivity and efficiency without compromising the strict biosecurity required during the ongoing ASF era.

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Evidence of coinfection of pigs with African swine fever virus and porcine circovirus 2

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

Transmission of African swine fever virus to the wild boars of Northeast India

Transmission of African swine fever virus to the wild boars of Northeast India

Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Poland: Prevalence in Wild Boar Population in Connection with African Swine Fever (ASF)

Porcine respiratory disease complex: Dynamics of polymicrobial infections and management strategies after the introduction of the African swine fever

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