Evidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus excretion in the milk ofapparently healthy vaccinated buffaloes in Islamabad, Pakistan

Ahmed, Hafiz; Farooq, Umer; Zahur, Aamer Bin; Naeem, Khalid; Latif, Asma; Irshad, Hamid

doi:10.3906/vet-1512-96

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This might help explain the phenomena seen in FMDV-enzootic contexts, where seroprevalence rises without disease (Bertram et al, 2018), and where outbreak reporting imperfectly predicts seroprevalence (van Andel 2020b). The observation that healthy dairy cattle and buffalo shed virus in their milk (Nawaz, 2019;Ahmed 2017), raises the possibility that in endemic countries, some cattle might be exposed from birth to both virus and protective maternal antibody. Additionally, intensive sampling of buffalo in a dairy colony in Pakistan demonstrated that within one year numerous serotypes and strains could move through a herd without any clinical signs of infection (DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12963).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, while 90% of FMDV-infected naive cattle would be expected to develop disease upon exposure, FMDV-exposed cattle in an unvaccinated herd in Cameroon had a seroprevalence increase of 30% over a twelve month observation period, despite the fact that only 6 of 100 animals were noted to have FMD-associated lesions during this time (Bertram et al, 2018). In addition, clinically-healthy cattle and buffalo from Pakistan produced milk containing live FMDV up to 6 months following FMD outbreaks on the same farms (Nawaz, 2019;Ahmed 2017). These examples suggest that cattle and buffalo exposed early and frequently to FMDV might exist in a different relationship with the virus than is commonly understood in an epidemic context.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in healthy cattle and buffalo at Southeast Asian slaughterhouses

Buckle

Bueno²,

McFadden³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is widespread throughout much of the world, including parts of South East Asia. As part of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)'s South East Asia and China Foot-and-Mouth Disease Project (SEACFMD), field sampling was performed to help understand evidence of widespread virus exposure observed previously. Serum and dry mucosal swabs were collected to evaluate the presence of FMDV RNA on the nasal, oral, and dorsal nasopharyngeal mucosal surfaces of 262 healthy cattle (n=38 in Laos; n=47 in Myanmar) and buffalo (n=12 in Laos; n=2 in Myanmar) immediately following slaughter in three slaughterhouses. Swabs and serum were tested by the OIE FMD world reference laboratory using pan-serotypic real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and serum was evaluated using the FMD PrioCHECK non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA. In total, 7.3% of animals had detectable FMDV RNA in one or more of the three sites including 5.3% of nasopharyngeal swabs, 2.3% of oral swabs, and 1.5% of nasal swabs. In all animals, serum was found not to contain detectable FMDV RNA, and 37.8% of animals were positive for NSP antibodies, indicating likely past exposure to FMDV. Results were comparable for Laos and Myanmar, and were similar for both cattle and buffalo. The current study demonstrates the utility of detection by swabbing the nasopharynx in the post-mortem context, in situations such as postmortem where probang samples are not feasible. Additionally, FMDV present on the oral and nasal mucosa of clinically-healthy large ruminants in Laos and Myanmar, if viable, may potentially play a role in the epidemiology of FMD in these countries, and perhaps more widely within Southeast Asia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in healthy cattle and buffalo at Southeast Asian slaughterhouses

Buckle

Bueno²,

McFadden³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…During the study period, vaccination was carried out in response to an outbreak. Whether vaccination in these herds TA B L E 3 Univariate mixed effect logistic regression analysis for association with a positive FMD rRT-PCR result for the total study area may increase the likelihood of sub-clinical infection is unknown, although there have been reports of sub-clinical infection in vaccinated animals (Donaldson & Kitching, 1989;Hutber, Kitching, & Conway, 1999;Lyons et al, 2017) and virus excretion in the milk of apparently healthy vaccinated animals (Ahmed et al, 2017).…”

Section: Yes No Totalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the mammary gland is highly susceptible to FMDV replication (Burrows, Mann, Greig, Chapman, & Goodridg, ) and that FMDV can be detected by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT‐PCR) assays in milk from experimentally infected cattle, before and during the appearance of clinical signs, and up to 28 days post‐infection (Armson et al, ; Reid et al, ). FMDV RNA has also been detected in milk samples from naturally infected cattle (Armson et al, ; Ranjan et al, ; Saeed et al, ) and buffaloes (Ahmed et al, ) in endemic settings. Furthermore, using individual milk samples collected from naturally infected cattle in northern Tanzania, it has been demonstrated that VP1 sequences could be obtained, corresponding with those generated from clinical samples collected from lesions from the same animal (Armson et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilizing milk from pooling facilities as a novel approach for foot‐and‐mouth disease surveillance

Armson

Nardo

Nyaguthii

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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This study investigated the potential of pooled milk as an alternative sample type for foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) surveillance. Real‐time RT‐PCR (rRT‐PCR) results of pooled milk samples collected weekly from five pooling facilities in Nakuru County, Kenya, were compared with half‐month reports of household‐level incidence of FMD. These periodic cross‐sectional surveys of smallholder farmers were powered to detect a threshold household‐level FMD incidence of 2.5% and collected information on trends in milk production and sales. FMD virus (FMDV) RNA was detected in 9/219 milk samples, and using a type‐specific rRT‐PCR, serotype SAT 1 was identified in 3/9 of these positive samples, concurrent with confirmed outbreaks in the study area. Four milk samples were FMDV RNA‐positive during the half‐months when at least one farmer reported FMD; that is, the household‐level clinical incidence was above a threshold of 2.5%. Additionally, some milk samples were FMDV RNA‐positive when there were no reports of FMD by farmers. These results indicate that the pooled milk surveillance system can detect FMD household‐level incidence at a 2.5% threshold when up to 26% of farmers contributed milk to pooling facilities, but perhaps even at lower levels of infection (i.e., below 2.5%), or when conventional disease reporting systems fail. Further studies are required to establish a more precise correlation with estimates of household‐level clinical incidence, to fully evaluate the reliability of this approach. However, this pilot study highlights the potential use of this non‐invasive, routinely collected, cost‐effective surveillance tool, to address some of the existing limitations of traditional surveillance methods.

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“…However, only a small number of studies have described the detection of FMDV RNA in milk from naturally‐infected animals. These include FMDV detection in milk during the 2007 FMD outbreak in the United Kingdom (Armson et al., ), in cattle and buffaloes in Pakistan (Ahmed et al., ; Saeed et al., ) and in cattle in India (Ranjan et al., ). The limited milk samples used in these studies were collected either as an additional sample type to validate molecular assays, or to investigate the possible role of milk in FMDV transmission; nonetheless these studies provide useful evidence that FMDV RNA can be detected and typed by rRT‐PCR, in milk from naturally infected animals.…”

Section: Fmdv Detection In Milk Samples and Epithelial Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities for enhanced surveillance of foot‐and‐mouth disease in endemic settings using milk samples

Armson

Wadsworth

Kibona

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary Under‐reporting of foot‐and‐mouth disease ( FMD ) masks the true prevalence in parts of the world where the disease is endemic. Laboratory testing for the detection of FMD virus ( FMDV ) is usually reliant upon the collection of vesicular epithelium and fluid samples that can only be collected from acutely infected animals, and therefore animals with sub‐clinical infection may not be identified. Milk is a non‐invasive sample type routinely collected from dairy farms that has been utilized for surveillance of a number of other diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the application of milk as an alternative sample type for FMDV detection and typing, and to evaluate milk as a novel approach for targeted surveillance of FMD in East Africa. FMDV RNA was detected in 73/190 (38%) individual milk samples collected from naturally infected cattle in northern Tanzania. Furthermore, typing information by lineage‐specific rRT ‐ PCR assays was obtained for 58% of positive samples, and corresponded with the virus types identified during outbreak investigations in the study area. The VP 1‐coding sequence data obtained from milk samples corresponded with the sequence data generated from paired epithelial samples collected from the same animal. This study demonstrates that milk represents a potentially valuable sample type for FMDV surveillance and might be used to overcome some of the existing biases of traditional surveillance methods. However, it is recommended that care is taken during sample collection and testing to minimize the likelihood of cross‐contamination. Such approaches could strengthen FMDV surveillance capabilities in East Africa, both at the individual animal and herd level.

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Evidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus excretion in the milk ofapparently healthy vaccinated buffaloes in Islamabad, Pakistan

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in healthy cattle and buffalo at Southeast Asian slaughterhouses

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in healthy cattle and buffalo at Southeast Asian slaughterhouses

Utilizing milk from pooling facilities as a novel approach for foot‐and‐mouth disease surveillance

Opportunities for enhanced surveillance of foot‐and‐mouth disease in endemic settings using milk samples

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