Evidence of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Cord Blood and Maternal-to-Fetal Transport across the Placenta

Hirschmugl, Birgit; Brandl, Waltraud; Csapó, B; Poppel, Mireille N. M. van; Köfeler, Harald; Desoyé, Gernot; Wadsack, Christian; Jantscher-Krenn, Evelyn

doi:10.3390/nu11112640

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…HMOs are pools of complex carbohydrates, the third most abundant component of human milk, and one example of naturally occurring ‘prebiotics’ [ 19 ]. Although originally characterised as HMOs, they are also present in the amniotic fluid, and thus the foetus is already exposed to HMOs prior to birth when ingesting the amniotic fluid [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Oligosaccharides Bacteria and Microbial Metabolites In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

et al. 2020

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Breastfeeding is natural and the optimal basis of infant nutrition and development, with many benefits for maternal health. Human milk is a dynamic fluid fulfilling an infant’s specific nutritional requirements and guiding the growth, developmental, and physiological processes of the infant. Human milk is considered unique in composition, and it is influenced by several factors, such as maternal diet and health, body composition, and geographic region. Human milk stands as a model for infant formula providing nutritional solutions for infants not able to receive enough mother’s milk. Infant formulas aim to mimic the composition and functionality of human milk by providing ingredients reflecting those of the latest human milk insights, such as oligosaccharides, bacteria, and bacterial metabolites. The objective of this narrative review is to discuss the most recent developments in infant formula with a special focus on human milk oligosaccharides and postbiotics.

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Section: Oligosaccharides Bacteria and Microbial Metabolites In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

et al. 2020

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“…Human milk oligosaccharides already circulate in the blood of pregnant mothers at least from week 10 on [ 56 ], reaching the fetus through the amniotic fluid [ 57 ] and likely through the umbilical cord passing the placenta [ 58 ].…”

Section: Hmos Shaping the Neonatementioning

confidence: 99%

In Love with Shaping You—Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development

Hundshammer¹,

Minge²

2020

Nutrients

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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally versatile sugar molecules constituting the third major group of soluble components in human breast milk. Based on the disaccharide lactose, the mammary glands of future and lactating mothers produce a few hundreds of different HMOs implicating that their overall anabolism utilizes rather high amounts of energy. At first sight, it therefore seems contradictory that these sugars are indigestible for infants raising the question of why such an energy-intensive molecular class evolved. However, in-depth analysis of their molecular modes of action reveals that Mother Nature created HMOs for neonatal development, protection and promotion of health. This is not solely facilitated by HMOs in their indigestible form but also by catabolites that are generated by microbial metabolism in the neonatal gut additionally qualifying HMOs as natural prebiotics. This narrative review elucidates factors influencing the HMO composition as well as physiological roles of HMOs on their way through the infant body and within the gut, where a major portion of HMOs faces microbial catabolism. Concurrently, this work summarizes in vitro, preclinical and observational as well as interventional clinical studies that analyzed potential health effects that have been demonstrated by or were related to either human milk-derived or synthetic HMOs or HMO fractions.

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“…Additionally, it is speculated that maternal body composition affects the oligosaccharide profile during pregnancy [170]. Moreover, the level and profile of individual HMOs is similar for maternal and cord blood, which confirms the placental transport of oligosaccharides from mother to fetus [171]. Among individual oligosaccharides, the strongest relationship in concentration was observed for two fucosylated oligosaccharides, namely for 2 -FL and LDFT.…”

Section: Fucosylated Hmos Are Present Not Only In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Among individual oligosaccharides, the strongest relationship in concentration was observed for two fucosylated oligosaccharides, namely for 2 -FL and LDFT. Using an ex vivo placental perfusion model, it was shown that 22% of maternal 2 -FL reached the fetal circulation, but without achieving a balance [171].…”

Section: Fucosylated Hmos Are Present Not Only In Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Dietary Fucosylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins of Human Milk on Infant Well-Being

Orczyk-Pawiłowicz

Lis-Kuberka

2020

Nutrients

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Apart from optimal nutritional value, human milk is the feeding strategy to support the immature immunological system of developing newborns and infants. The most beneficial dietary carbohydrate components of breast milk are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and glycoproteins (HMGs), involved in both specific and nonspecific immunity. Fucosylated oligosaccharides represent the largest fraction of human milk oligosaccharides, with the simplest and the most abundant being 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL). Fucosylated oligosaccharides, as well as glycans of glycoproteins, as beneficial dietary sugars, elicit anti-adhesive properties against fucose-dependent pathogens, and on the other hand are crucial for growth and metabolism of beneficial bacteria, and in this aspect participate in shaping a healthy microbiome. Well-documented secretor status related differences in the fucosylation profile of HMOs and HMGs may play a key but underestimated role in assessment of susceptibility to fucose-dependent pathogen infections, with a potential impact on applied clinical procedures. Nevertheless, due to genetic factors, about 20% of mothers do not provide their infants with beneficial dietary carbohydrates such as 2′-FL and other α1,2-fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycans of glycoproteins, despite breastfeeding them. The lack of such structures may have important implications for a wide range of aspects of infant well-being and healthcare. In light of the above, some artificial mixtures used in infant nutrition are supplemented with 2′-FL to more closely approximate the unique composition of maternal milk, including dietary-derived fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoproteins.

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Evidence of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Cord Blood and Maternal-to-Fetal Transport across the Placenta

Cited by 26 publications

References 42 publications

Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Infant Formula Supplemented with Biotics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

In Love with Shaping You—Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development

The Impact of Dietary Fucosylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins of Human Milk on Infant Well-Being

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