Evidence of increasing Leu-Phe knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae from Niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation

Abstract

Background: At the end of 2005, a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) distribution targeting the most vulnerable populations was implemented throughout Niger. A large number of studies in Africa have reported the existence of anopheline populations resistant to various insecticides, partly due to knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, but few operational widescale control programmes were coupled with the monitoring of such mutations. The distribution of the kdr-west (kdr-w) Leu-Phe mutation was studied in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Niger and temporal variations were monitored following the nationwide LLIN implementation.

Insecticide Resistance Allele Frequencies in Anopheles gambiae before and after Anti-Vector Interventions in Continental Equatorial Guinea

“…gambiae M molecular forms in which kdr frequencies increased from 0.5% before initiation of a nationwide ITN distribution program in Niger to 7.2% two seasons later. 22 To date, resistance mutations at the same location in the sodium channel gene have not been reported in An. funestus, another important malaria vector distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa.…”

Impact of Urban Agriculture on the Species Distribution and Insecticide Resistance Profile of <i>Anopheles gambiae s.s.</i> and <i>Anopheles coluzzii</i> in Accra Metropolis, Ghana

“…The trend is threatening the efficacy of malaria vector control tools and even worsened by the use of the same insecticide or class of insecticides [4] [8] [9] [10] [11]. Ghana is not exempted from this phenomenon particularly where pyrethroid resistance has been reported in many areas in the country [12] [13] [14] [15].…”

Evaluation on the bioefficacy of PermaNet® 2.0, a long lasting net against Anopheles stephensi

“…Anopheles vectors are able adopt themselves with environment [10]. The use leads to the selection of resistant strains [11][12][13][14]. There are several mechanisms of resistance to insecticides, including target site insensitivity (kdr) and increased metabolic detoxification [15].…”