Evidence of Independent Origin of Multiple Tumors From Patients With Prostate Cancer

ERG Rearrangement Metastasis Patterns in Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer

“…Ipsilateral tumor nodules were defined as separated by a minimum of 3 mm from the nearest tumor nodule in any single section or by a minimum of 4 mm from the closest nodule on the adjacent section above or below (13, 18). Tumor maps were generated by tracking each section according to the pathology report and reconstructing them in a whole-mount manner.…”

Field cancerization, clonality, and epithelial stem cells: the spread of mutated clones in epithelial sheets

“…In the stomach, discordant mutation patterns of APC, MCC, and p53 were found in 12 out of 13 cases of multiple gastric carcinomas, 140 again in accord with a multicentric origin, also seen in multiple colorectal tumours 141 and parathyroid adenomas 142 and also in separate prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions, which show different clonal patterns of allele loss at 8p12-21, suggesting an independent origin. 143,144 Even the multifocality of the bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma, long thought to be due to intra-alveolar spread. 145 has been shown by X-chromosome inactivation to be multiclonal, arguing for multiple independent tumours; 64 multiple uterine leiomyomas also appear to arise independently, though individually clonal in origin.…”

Genetic heterogeneity of surgically resected prostate carcinomas and their biopsy specimens is related to their histologic differentiation

“…1,2 Shimizu et al showed that the difference in the incidence rates of prostate carcinoma among Japanese in Japan and in the U.S. and among whites in the U.S. may be substantially smaller than previously thought. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] In prostate carcinoma, LOH has been observed most frequently on chromosomes 3, 15 27 Previous studies reported that LOH on 8p12-21, the regions of a putative tumor suppressor gene involved in early prostatic carcinogenesis, occurred frequently and increased in incidence with disease progression. Although well differentiated tumors do not significantly affect patient survival, a poor degree of tumor differentiation has a major impact on prognosis.…”