Evidence of lumpy skin disease virus infection in camels

Kumar, Ram; Godara, Bhagraj; Chander, Yogesh; Kachhawa, Jai Prakash; Dedar, R. K.; Verma, Ashu; Riyesh, Thachamvally; Pal, Yash; Barua, Sanjay; Tripathi, Bhupendra Nath; Kumar, Naveen

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106922

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Capripox viruses are considered to be restricted in their host range and LSDV is considered to be restricted to bovines [ 81 ]. However, the virus has been occasionally encountered in other (non-bovine) species before, seemingly as the result of a natural transmission, e.g., in Springboks [ 82 ], giraffes, [ 83 ] and recently in camels [ 84 ]. The impact on and the role of wildlife in the expanding geographical range of LSDV remains understudied, and its epidemiological importance is unclear.…”

Section: Recommendations and Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Genome Sequence Analysis: Putative Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, Single Gene versus Whole Genome Phylogeny and Genomic Evolution

Breteler

Haegeman

Krešić

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Lumpy Skin Disease virus is a poxvirus from the genus Capripox that mainly affects bovines and it causes severe economic losses to livestock holders. The Lumpy Skin Disease virus is currently dispersing in Asia, but little is known about detailed phylogenetic relations between the strains and genome evolution. We reconstructed a whole-genome-sequence (WGS)-based phylogeny and compared it with single-gene-based phylogenies. To study population and spatiotemporal patterns in greater detail, we reconstructed networks. We determined that there are strains from multiple clades within the previously defined cluster 1.2 that correspond with recorded outbreaks across Eurasia and South Asia (Indian subcontinent), while strains from cluster 2.5 spread in Southeast Asia. We concluded that using only a single gene (cheap, fast and easy to routinely use) for sequencing lacks phylogenetic and spatiotemporal resolution and we recommend to create at least one WGS whenever possible. We also found that there are three gene regions, highly variable, across the genome of LSDV. These gene regions are located in the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the LSDV genome and they encode genes that are involved in immune evasion strategies of the virus. These may provide a starting point to further investigate the evolution of the virus.

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Section: Recommendations and Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Genome Sequence Analysis: Putative Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, Single Gene versus Whole Genome Phylogeny and Genomic Evolution

Breteler

Haegeman

Krešić

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…The antibody response following LSDV exposure in cattle is variable [ 6 , 48 ]. A few animals that do not develop detectable amounts of antibodies can also resist challenge infections [ 6 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of miR-29a as a novel biomarker for lumpy skin disease virus exposure in cattle

Kumar,

Kamboj,

Dhanda

et al. 2024

Virulence

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Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of maturation, proliferation, differentiation, and activation of immune cells. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-29a antagonizes IFN-γ production at early times post-LSDV infection in cattle. miR-29a was predicted to target upstream IFN-γ regulators, and its inhibition resulted in enhanced IFN-γ production in sensitized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Further, stimulation of PBMCs with LSDV antigen exhibited lower levels of miR-29a, concomitant with a potent cell-mediated immune response (CMI), characterized by an increase in LSDV-specific CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ, which eventually facilitated virus clearance. In addition, a few immunocompromised cattle (developed secondary LSDV infection at ~ 6 months) that failed to mount a potent cell-mediated immune response, were shown to maintain higher miR-29a levels. Furthermore, as compared to the sensitized crossbred cattle, PBMCs from sensitized Rathi (a native Indian breed) animals exhibited lower levels of miR-29a along with an increase in CD8+ T cell counts and enhanced levels of IFN-γ. Finally, we analysed that a ≥ 60% decrease in miR-29a expression levels in the PBMCs of sensitized cattle correlated with a potent CMI response. In conclusion, miR-29a expression is involved in antagonizing the IFN-γ response in LSDV-infected cattle and may serve as a novel biomarker for the acute phase of LSDV infection, as well as predicting the functionality of T cells in sensitized cattle. In addition, Rathi cattle mount a more potent CMI response against LSDV than crossbred cattle.

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“…reported on capripox infection in captive-bred Arabian oryx [19] and Dao et al (2022) described the characterisation of LSDV from a giraffe in a zoo in Vietnam [23], amongst others. The recent and rapid spread of LSD into Asia has resulted in an increasing number of reports of other ruminant species showing susceptibility to infection with the virus [25][26][27]. This is a major concern as a number of the species involved are endangered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Complete genome sequencing of LSDV was performed directly from clinical samples submitted from yaks in China, where the LSDV caused high mortality within the yak population [ 25 ]. Additionally, LSDV has been isolated and genetically characterised in clinically affected camels and two free-ranging Indian gazelles ( Gazella bennettii ) in India, in 2022 [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Genome Sequencing of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses in Wildlife Game Species in South Africa

van Schalkwyk,

Kara,

Last

et al. 2024

Viruses

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has recently undergone rapid spread, now being reported from more than 80 countries, affecting predominantly cattle and to a lesser extent, water buffalo. This poxvirus was previously considered to be highly host-range restricted. However, there is an increasing number of published reports on the detection of the virus from different game animal species. The virus has not only been shown to infect a wide range of game species under experimental conditions, but has also been naturally detected in oryx, giraffe, camels and gazelle. In addition, clinical lumpy skin disease has previously been described in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), an African antelope species, in South Africa. This report describes the characterization of lumpy skin disease virus belonging to cluster 1.2, from field samples from springbok, impala (Aepyceros melampus) and a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in South Africa using PCR, Sanger and whole genome sequencing. Most of these samples were submitted from wild animals in nature reserves or game parks, indicating that the disease is not restricted to captive-bred animals on game farms or zoological gardens. The potential role of wildlife species in the transmission and maintenance of LSDV is further discussed and requires continuing investigation, as the virus and disease may pose a serious threat to endangered species.

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Evidence of lumpy skin disease virus infection in camels

Cited by 17 publications

References 26 publications

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Genome Sequence Analysis: Putative Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, Single Gene versus Whole Genome Phylogeny and Genomic Evolution

Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Genome Sequence Analysis: Putative Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, Single Gene versus Whole Genome Phylogeny and Genomic Evolution

Identification of miR-29a as a novel biomarker for lumpy skin disease virus exposure in cattle

Detection and Genome Sequencing of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses in Wildlife Game Species in South Africa

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