Evidence of neuroandrogenic etiology of sex roles from a combined analysis of human, nonhuman primate and nonprimate mammalian studies

Ellis, Lee M.

doi:10.1016/0191-8869(86)90131-5

Cited by 78 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 364 publications

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“…This is not just an artifact of greater acceptability for women to acknowledge fear, since females show more sympathetic arousal in fear-inducing situations than men (Ekehammer, Magnusson, & Ricklander, 1974). Also, androgens lower anxiety (Ellis, 1986;Jacklin, Maccoby & Doering, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sex Differences and Similarities in Married Couples: Patterns Across and Within Cultures

et al. 2011

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In this study, we examined the patterns of sex differences in men and women married to each other in five cultures (China, Russia, Turkey, UK, and the U.S.) to look for universal patterns in behavioral dimorphisms and for cultural variability in those patterns. Over 400 couples in each cultural group completed the 235-item Marriage and Relationship Questionnaire on various aspects of marriage, appropriately translated for each culture. Sex differences were anticipated in responses related to female choosiness, labor performed, emotional expressiveness, interest in sex, physical attractiveness, and jealousy. To measure male-female differences in each culture, t-tests were utilized, and effect sizes were calculated. Significant sex differences (p < .05, two-tailed) emerged in all six areas examined, although cultural differences were also seen in the patterns. For example, on items relevant to female choosiness, women in most, but not all, cultures were more likely than their husbands to endorse these statements: "I have thought of divorcing my spouse" and "My parents played a role in choosing my spouse." In China, where scores on emotional expressiveness were low, sex differences disappeared in the category related to emotions. Results suggest that long-term marriage exhibits a balance between homogamy and dimorphism serving reproductive interests. Moreover, culture may moderate this balance for particular sex differences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sex Differences and Similarities in Married Couples: Patterns Across and Within Cultures

et al. 2011

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“…Sex-typical behavior is behavior that is more common or intense in one sex than in the other, regardless of the cause (Reinisch et al, 1979, p. 218). Several of the same sextypical behavior patterns that have been found to be nearly universal in humans have been documented in a wide variety of mammalian species, and laboratory experiments have shown that these sex differences usually can be eliminated by manipulating neurohormtmal factors, especially during neuro-organization (L. Ellis, 1986). For this reason, we hypothesize that many sex-typical behavior patterns in humans substantially reflect the effects of neurohormonal factors.…”

Section: A Gestational Neurohormonal Theory Of Human Sexual Orientationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality–heterosexuality.

Ellis

Ames²

1987

Psychological Bulletin

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284

143

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Following a historical sketch of attempts to explain homosexuality, we review evidence indicating that the process of determining human sexual orientation is fundamentally the same in all mammals. In this process, four phenotypic dimensions of sexuality develop from two more or less distinct sex genotypes. Studies are reviewed that indicate how phenotypic deviations from these two genotypes (called sexual inversions) can occur. The causes of sexual inversions are categorized as genetic-hormonal, pharmacological, maternal stress, immunological, and social experiential. From this evidence, we propose a theory of how the entire spectrum of human sexual orientation (vs. simply homosexuality) is determined.A consistent preference for sexual relations with one's own sex (homosexuality), the opposite sex (heterosexuality), or vary-

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“…In males testosterone contributes to the prenatal development of the genitals and nervous system, to the onset of puberty, to the androgenic and anabolic changes that occur at puberty, and to numerous androgenic characteristics at maturity (Buchanan, Eccles, & Becker, 1992;Ellis, 1986;McManus & Bryden, 1991;Reinisch, Ziemba-Davis, & Sanders, 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum testosterone in violent and nonviolent young offenders

Brooks

Reddon

1996

J. Clin. Psychol.

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Single morning serum testosterone samples from 194 15-17 year old male young offenders were compared between subgroups based on violent (n = 75), non-violent (n = 102), and sexual (n = 17) offenses. The violent group had the highest level of testosterone and differed significantly from both the nonviolent and sexual offender groups which were statistically equivalent. The offenders were also classified according to native/metis (n = 68) and Caucasian (n = 126) groups, and the native/metis group had significantly higher testosterone than the Caucasian group. Higher testosterone in the native/metis group may be because this group committed significantly more violent offenses than the Caucasian group. Genetic factors, such as the human leucocyte antigen system, may also be associated with higher testosterone in the native/metis group.

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Evidence of neuroandrogenic etiology of sex roles from a combined analysis of human, nonhuman primate and nonprimate mammalian studies

Cited by 78 publications

References 364 publications

Sex Differences and Similarities in Married Couples: Patterns Across and Within Cultures

Sex Differences and Similarities in Married Couples: Patterns Across and Within Cultures

Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality–heterosexuality.

Serum testosterone in violent and nonviolent young offenders

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