Evidence of porcine circovirus type 2 and co-infection with ungulate protoparvovirus 1 (porcine parvovirus) in mummies and stillborn piglets in subclinically infected farm

Serena, María Soledad; Dibárbora, Marina; Olivera, Valeria; Metz, Germán Ernesto; Aspitia, Carolina Gabriela; Pereda, Ariel; Echeverría, María Gabriela; Cappuccio, Javier Alejandro

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104735

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…DNA was about 26 times higher in cases of PCV2 coinfection in our study. This observation is markedly different from other surveys on the topic of the detection of pathogens in stillborn or mummified fetuses, where no clear associations between pathogens were detected [ 39 , 40 , 41 ]. These differences might be explained by the sampled population and the number of samples per affected litter that were examined in the before-mentioned studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Within these examinations, no or limited information on the overall appearance of the litter is available. Moreover, sporadic fetal death followed by mummification occurs often in litters without a clear clinical appearance and might have multiple non-infectious reasons [ 39 ]. In contrast to this, we included only well-characterized SMEDI-associated litters and evenly distributed our sample collection within the litters by systematic random sampling based on crown-rump length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examination on the Occurrence of Coinfections in Diagnostic Transmittals in Cases of Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility (SMEDI) Syndrome in Germany

et al. 2023

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The stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI) syndrome is most commonly associated with porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) infections. Little is known about the occurrence of coinfections with SMEDI-associated pathogens and the associations among these pathogens. In our study, we included 40 SMEDI-affected litters from 18 different farms. In total, 158 out of 358 available fetuses from diagnostic transmittals were selected by systematic random sampling and examined for PCV2, PCV3, PPV1, and Leptospira spp. by q-PCR. Results from diagnostic materials showed the following results: in eleven farms, PCV2 was present; in nine farms, PPV1 was present; in five farms, PCV3 was present; and in two farms, Leptospira spp. was present. The detection of Leptospira spp. was significantly associated with a PCV2 coinfection (OR: 26.3; p < 0.001). PCV3 positivity resulted in a reduced probability of detecting PCV2 in the corresponding fetus (OR: 0.078; p = 0.008). Fetal maceration was associated with Leptospira spp. detection (OR: 8.6; p = 0.003), whereas mummification (p = 0.047), reduced crown-rump length (p < 0.001), and bodyweight (p = 0.001) of fetuses were significantly associated with PPV1 and PCV2 coinfection and thus, presumably, a shorter time to death after infection, indicating an enhanced negative effect on the development of fetuses with PCV2 + PPV1 coinfection.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination on the Occurrence of Coinfections in Diagnostic Transmittals in Cases of Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility (SMEDI) Syndrome in Germany

et al. 2023

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“…The four viruses with similar clinical manifestations including reproductive failure cause severe economic losses to the swine industry and world trade of pork products, however, differential diagnosis of diseases caused by these four viruses is difficult. Furthermore, co-infections with more than two pathogens of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV occur frequently in swine herds in China and elsewhere worldwide ( Ma et al, 2021 ; Serena et al, 2021 ; Jia et al, 2022 ). Therefore, the prevention and control of these diseases caused by the four different viruses mainly depend on the accurate and rapid molecular diagnosis, and it is essential to develop a specific, high-sensitive, and rapid assay being capable of the simultaneous and differential detection of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishment and application of multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of four viruses associated with porcine reproductive failure

et al. 2023

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Many pathogens cause reproductive failure in sows suffering a broad spectrum of sequelae, including abortions, stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility. Although various detection methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR, have been widely used for molecular diagnosis, mainly for a single pathogen. In this study, we developed a multiplex real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV) associated with porcine reproductive failure. The R2 values for the standard curve of multiplex real-time PCR of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV reached to 0.996, 0.997, 0.996, and 0.998, respectively. Importantly, the limit of detection (LoD) of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV, were 1, 10, 10, 10 copies/reaction, respectively. Meanwhile, specificity test results indicated that multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection is specific for these four target pathogens and does not react with other pathogens, such as classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Besides, this method had good repeatability with coefficients of variation of intra- and inter-assay less than 2%. Finally, this approach was further evaluated by 315 clinical samples for its practicality in the field. The positive rates of PCV2, PCV3, PPV, and PRV were 66.67% (210/315), 8.57% (27/315), 8.89% (28/315), and 4.13% (13/315), respectively. The overall co-infection rates of two or more pathogens were 13.65% (43/315). Therefore, this multiplex real-time PCR provides an accurate and sensitive method for the identification of those four underlying DNA viruses among potential pathogenic agents, allowing it to be applied in diagnostics, surveillance, and epidemiology.

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Animal Ethics and Zoonosis Risks

Opriessnig

Halbur

2023

Xenotransplantation

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Evidence of porcine circovirus type 2 and co-infection with ungulate protoparvovirus 1 (porcine parvovirus) in mummies and stillborn piglets in subclinically infected farm

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Examination on the Occurrence of Coinfections in Diagnostic Transmittals in Cases of Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility (SMEDI) Syndrome in Germany

Examination on the Occurrence of Coinfections in Diagnostic Transmittals in Cases of Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility (SMEDI) Syndrome in Germany

Establishment and application of multiplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of four viruses associated with porcine reproductive failure

Animal Ethics and Zoonosis Risks

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