Evidence of Powassan/deer tick virus in adult black‐legged ticks (<i>Ixodes scapularis</i>) recovered from hunter‐harvested white‐tailed deer (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>) in Pennsylvania: A public health perspective

Campagnolo, Enzo R.; Tewari, Deepanker; Farone, Tracy S.; Livengood, Julia; Mason, Krystal

doi:10.1111/zph.12476

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The reverse transcriptase and PCR steps were carried out as per the xMAP MultiFLEX Mega Tick Panel package insert in a 25 lL reaction with 5X Qiagen One-Step RT-PCR buffer, a final concentration of 0.4 mM dNTP, 5 lL of xMAP Multi-FLEX Primer Mix (Luminex), 1 lL of Qiagen One-Step Enzyme Mix (Qiagen, Germantown, MD), and 8 lL of nucleic acid template. The amplification was performed using a GeneAmp Ò PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) with the following cycling parameters: 50°C for 30 min and then 95°C for 15 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 45 s and then 60°C for 45 s (Campagnolo et al 2018).…”

Section: Pcr Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Rickettsia spp. in Adult Black-Legged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Pennsylvania, United States, with a Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay

Livengood

Hutchinson

Thirumalapura

et al. 2020

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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Ixodes scapularis, the black-legged tick, harbors multiple organisms and transmits several pathogens to animals and humans. To determine the presence of tick-borne microorganisms carried by I. scapularis in Pennsylvania, 299 adult I. scapularis ticks were collected from across the state and tested with a multiplex bead panel targeting 20 microorganisms. The Luminex bead-based xMAP Ò MultiFLEX Mega Tick Panel detected microorganisms in these ticks, including Anaplasma spp. (1.7%), Borrelia spp. (45.8%), Babesia spp. (16.1%), and Rickettsia spp. (22.1%) at the genera level and identified Anaplasma phagocytophilum (1.7%), Babesia microti (0.7%), Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (45.5%), Borrelia miyamotoi (0.3%), and Rickettsia parkeri (0.7%) at the species level. Babesia spp. reactivity was found to be due to Ba. odocoilei, and Rickettsia spp. reactivity was mainly due to rickettsial endosymbionts.

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Section: Pcr Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Rickettsia spp. in Adult Black-Legged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Pennsylvania, United States, with a Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay

Livengood

Hutchinson

Thirumalapura

et al. 2020

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

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“…This may be suggestive of the possibility that the two lineages of POWV may multiply differently in I. scapularis and that the results may reflect differences in transmission efficiency. This is an interesting observation since I. scapularis is considered a natural vector for POWV-L2 (8,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21), whereas other ixodid tick species (H. longicornis, I. spinipalpis, I. cookei, and I. marxi) are implicated in maintenance of POWV-L1 (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). POWV-L2 has been found in natural populations of D. andersoni (20,22), but the natural transmission cycle of POWV with this tick species remains unclear.…”

Section: Virus-infected Salivary Gland Cultures From Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…POWV-L1 has been isolated from Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes spinipalpis, Ixodes marxi, and Ixodes cookei (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). POWV-L2 has been isolated from the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21) and the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni (20,22). Similarly to other tick-borne viruses (TBVs), POWV can be transmitted to a mammal host from an infected tick in as little as 15 min (15,23).…”

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confidence: 99%

Dissecting Flavivirus Biology in Salivary Gland Cultures from Fed and UnfedIxodes scapularis(Black-Legged Tick)

Grabowski¹,

Nilsson²,

Fischer

et al. 2019

mBio

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The Ixodes scapularis tick transmits a number of pathogens, including tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs). In the United States, confirmed human infections with the Powassan virus (POWV) TBFV have a fatality rate of ∼10% and are increasing in incidence. Tick salivary glands (SGs) serve as an organ barrier to TBFV transmission, and little is known regarding the location of TBFV infection in SGs from fed ticks. Previous studies showed I. scapularis vanin (VNN) involved with TBFV infection of I. scapularis ISE6 embryonic cells, suggesting a potential role for this gene. The overall goal of this study was to use SG cultures to compare data on TBFV biology in SGs from fully engorged, replete (fed) ticks and from unfed ticks. TBFV multiplication was higher in SGs from fed ticks than in those from unfed ticks. Virus-like particles were observed only in granular acini of SGs from unfed ticks. The location of TBFV infection of SGs from fed ticks was observed in cells lining lobular ducts and trachea but not observed in acini. Transcript knockdown of VNN decreased POWV multiplication in infected SG cultures from both fed and unfed ticks. This work was the first to identify localization of TBFV multiplication in SG cultures from a fed tick and a tick transcript important for POWV multiplication in the tick SG, an organ critical for TBFV transmission. This research exemplifies the use of SG cultures in deciphering TBFV biology in the tick and as a translational tool for screening and identifying potential tick genes as potential countermeasure targets. IMPORTANCE Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFVs) are responsible for more than 15,000 human disease cases each year, and Powassan virus lineage 2 (POWV-L2) deer tick virus has been a reemerging threat in North America over the past 20 years. Rapid transmission of TBFVs in particular emphasizes the importance of preventing tick bites, the difficulty in developing countermeasures to prevent transmission, and the importance of understanding TBFV infection in tick salivary glands (SGs). Tick blood feeding is responsible for phenomenal physiological changes and is associated with changes in TBFV multiplication within the tick and in SGs. Using SG cultures from Ixodes scapularis female ticks, the primary aims of this study were to identify cellular localization of virus-like particles in acini of infected SGs from fed and unfed ticks, localization of TBFV infection in infected SGs from fed ticks, and a tick transcript (with associated metabolic function) involved in POWV-L2 infection in SG cultures.

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“…., 1960;Telford et al, 1997;Dupuis et al, 2013;Aliota et al, 2014;Knox et al, 2017;Campagnolo et al, 2018;Johnson et al, 2018;Tokarz et al, 2019 I. scapularis-associated viruses + p 0.5-4.5% (A)Cross et al, 2018;Tokarz et al., 2014b;Cross et al, 2018 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sharing the Ride: Ixodes scapularis Symbionts and Their Interactions

Stewart

Bloom

2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The deer tick Ixodes scapularis transmits a variety of disease agents in the United States, spreading the bacteria that causes Lyme borreliosis, the protozoan agent of babesiosis, and viruses such as Powassan. However, a variety of other organisms have also evolved symbiotic relationships with this tick species, and it seems likely that some of these microbes have simultaneously coevolved mechanisms to impact each other and their tick host. The number of organisms identified as I. scapularis symbionts has increased seemingly exponentially with the advent of PCR and next generation sequencing technologies, but convincing arguments have proposed that some of these are of environmental origin, unadapted to surviving the physiological conditions of the tick or that they are artifacts of ultrasensitive detection methods. In this review, we examine the diversity of the known microbes occurring within the I. scapularis microbiome, the evidence for interactions between microbes, and discuss whether some organisms reported to be symbionts of I. scapularis are experimental artifacts.

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Evidence of Powassan/deer tick virus in adult black‐legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) recovered from hunter‐harvested white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Pennsylvania: A public health perspective

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Detection of Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Rickettsia spp. in Adult Black-Legged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Pennsylvania, United States, with a Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay

Detection of Babesia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, and Rickettsia spp. in Adult Black-Legged Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Pennsylvania, United States, with a Luminex Multiplex Bead Assay

Dissecting Flavivirus Biology in Salivary Gland Cultures from Fed and UnfedIxodes scapularis(Black-Legged Tick)

Sharing the Ride: Ixodes scapularis Symbionts and Their Interactions

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