Evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Northern Italy

Savini, Giovanni; Capelli, Gioia; Monaco, Federica; Polci, Andrea; Russo, Federico; Gennaro, Annapia Di; Marini, Valéria; Teodori, Liana; Montarsi, Fabrizio; Pinoni, C.; Pisciella, Maura; Terregino, Calogero; Marangon, Stefano; Capua, Ilaria; Lelli, Rossella

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.018

Cited by 99 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The data from the present study, together with other recent data (Bagnarelli et al, 2011;Savini et al, 2012), show that both WNV lineage 1a and lineage 2 strains were circulating in Italy in the same year (2011). According to Sotelo et al (2011), the two strains analysed in the present study belong to the WMed group, and are different from lineage 1 strains circulating in [2008][2009] in Italy (Rossini et al, 2011).…”

supporting

confidence: 85%

Heterogeneity of West Nile virus genotype 1a in Italy, 2011

Rossini

Carletti²,

Rigoli

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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West Nile virus (WNV) is currently circulating in several European countries and, over recent decades, concomitantly with enhanced surveillance studies and improved diagnostic capabilities, an increase in the geographical distribution and in the number of cases in Europe has been documented. In Italy in 2011, 14 human cases of WNV neuroinvasive infections due to lineage 1 strains were registered in several Italian regions. Here we report WNV partial sequences obtained from serum samples of two patients living in different regions of Italy (Veneto and Sardinia). Phylogenetic analysis, performed on a fragment (566 nt) of the envelope gene, showed that WNV strains circulating in Italy in 2011 belong to lineage 1a, but are different from lineage 1a strains isolated in 2008–2009.The data reported here are consistent with the hypothesis of multiple recent introductions of WNV lineage 1a strains into Italy.

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supporting

confidence: 85%

Heterogeneity of West Nile virus genotype 1a in Italy, 2011

Rossini

Carletti²,

Rigoli

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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“…Since its emergence into North America in 1999, there have been over 36,000 cases of human WNV infection in the United States, including the second highest annual peak of over 5,000 cases in 2012 alone (2,3). Moreover, there remains a potential for newly emerging pathogenic WNV strains to cause additional and possibly increasingly severe human outbreaks (4,5). Infection with WNV is characterized by an acute febrile episode that can progress to neuroinvasive disease, including encephalitis, meningitis, and flaccid paralysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Essential, Nonredundant Roles of RIG-I and MDA5 in Detecting and Controlling West Nile Virus Infection

Errett

Suthar

McMillan

et al. 2013

J Virol

182

158

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Virus recognition and response by the innate immune system are critical components of host defense against infection. Activation of cell-intrinsic immunity and optimal priming of adaptive immunity against West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging vectorborne virus, depend on recognition by RIG-I and MDA5, two cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) protein family that recognize viral RNA and activate defense programs that suppress infection. We evaluated the individual functions of RIG-I and MDA5 both in vitro and in vivo in pathogen recognition and control of WNV. Lack of RIG-I or MDA5 alone results in decreased innate immune signaling and virus control in primary cells in vitro and increased mortality in mice. We also generated RIG-I ؊/؊ ؋ MDA5 ؊/؊ double-knockout mice and found that a lack of both RLRs results in a complete absence of innate immune gene induction in target cells of WNV infection and a severe pathogenesis during infection in vivo, similar to findings for animals lacking MAVS, the central adaptor molecule for RLR signaling. We also found that RNA products from WNV-infected cells but not incoming virion RNA display at least two distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) containing 5= triphosphate and double-stranded RNA that are temporally distributed and sensed by RIG-I and MDA5 during infection. Thus, RIG-I and MDA5 are essential PRRs that recognize distinct PAMPs that accumulate during WNV replication. Collectively, these experiments highlight the necessity and function of multiple related, cytoplasmic host sensors in orchestrating an effective immune response against an acute viral infection.

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“…Moreover, line 2, previously confined to the south of the Sahara, was recently detected in Western and Central Europe [10], (Hungary), Austria, Greece, Italy [11][12][13]. The major epidemic that erupted in Macedonia and Greece in 2010 was due to this same line [12][13][14]. The epidemics of summers 2011 and 2012 broke out in the same locations as in 2010 except in Spain, but with an extension to Ukraine, the Balkans, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria (Figure 1).…”

Section: Spread Of West Nile Virus In the Mediterranean Basinmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…But the incidence of human and equine neurological cases has increased sharply in the years 2000, especially from 2010 [9]. Moreover, line 2, previously confined to the south of the Sahara, was recently detected in Western and Central Europe [10], (Hungary), Austria, Greece, Italy [11][12][13]. The major epidemic that erupted in Macedonia and Greece in 2010 was due to this same line [12][13][14].…”

Section: Spread Of West Nile Virus In the Mediterranean Basinmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus: An Overview of its Recent Spread in the Mediterranean Basin

Tabbabi¹,

Daaboub²,

Sboui³

2017

J Trop Dis

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West Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted to humans through infected Culex mosquito. It causes a sudden fever, but also, more rarely, neuroinvasive infections. Since its first identification in East Africa, the virus has been identified on all continents. The subject of this article was to review its spread in the Mediterranean basin until recently. It is very important for the implementation and development of control strategies to minimize risk of WNV emergence in the Mediterranean basin. Available data were used to assemble and synthesize information. West Nile virus has become endemic/enzootic in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean basin. In other regions such as the South of France, Portugal and the Maghreb, the virus causes sporadic cases in both humans and equidae. Since 2010, there has been an increase in the number of cases, as well as an extent of the endemic area. The endemic area will probably increase in coming decades because of climate change, especially in the north and west, and thus reach previously unharmed areas.

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Evidence of West Nile virus lineage 2 circulation in Northern Italy

Cited by 99 publications

References 31 publications

Heterogeneity of West Nile virus genotype 1a in Italy, 2011

Heterogeneity of West Nile virus genotype 1a in Italy, 2011

The Essential, Nonredundant Roles of RIG-I and MDA5 in Detecting and Controlling West Nile Virus Infection

West Nile Virus: An Overview of its Recent Spread in the Mediterranean Basin

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