Evidence that adrenaline neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla have a vasopressor function

Goodchild, Ann K.; Moon, Elizabeth; Dampney, R.A.L.; Howe, Peter R. C.

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(84)90237-4

Cited by 80 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…that the bulbospinal C1 neurons drive vaso-and cardiomotor sympathetic efferents and stabilize AP under the regulatory influence of the arterial baroreflex (63,148,149). In support of this interpretation, the RVLM was found to contain spinally projecting neurons that were active at rest and inhibited by baroreceptor stimulation to a degree roughly commensurate with the change in sympathetic vasoconstrictor or cardiomotor outflow (e.g., 18,25,66).…”

Section: C1 Cells Hypotension and Baroreflexesmentioning

confidence: 85%

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

Guyenet

Stornetta

Bochorishvili

et al. 2013

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

249

262

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The C1 neurons reside in the rostral and intermediate portions of the ventrolateral medulla (RVLM, IVLM). They use glutamate as a fast transmitter and synthesize catecholamines plus various neuropeptides. These neurons regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis via direct projections to the paraventricular nucleus and regulate the autonomic nervous system via projections to sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. The presympathetic C1 cells, located in the RVLM, are probably organized in a roughly viscerotopic manner and most of them regulate the circulation. C1 cells are variously activated by hypoglycemia, infection or inflammation, hypoxia, nociception, and hypotension and contribute to most glucoprivic responses. C1 cells also stimulate breathing and activate brain stem noradrenergic neurons including the locus coeruleus. Based on the various effects attributed to the C1 cells, their axonal projections and what is currently known of their synaptic inputs, subsets of C1 cells appear to be differentially recruited by pain, hypoxia, infection/inflammation, hemorrhage, and hypoglycemia to produce a repertoire of stereotyped autonomic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses that help the organism survive physical injury and its associated cohort of acute infection, hypoxia, hypotension, and blood loss. C1 cells may also contribute to glucose and cardiovascular homeostasis in the absence of such physical stresses, and C1 cell hyperactivity may contribute to the increase in sympathetic nerve activity associated with diseases such as hypertension. C1 neurons; blood pressure; brain stem BEST KNOWN for their contribution to the control of arterial pressure (AP), the C1 neurons have also been implicated in many other physiological processes ranging from neuroendocrine responses to infection and inflammation, glucose homeostasis, reproduction, breathing, thermoregulation, hypothalamo-pituitary axis (HPA)-mediated stress responses, and food consumption. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most salient information concerning the C1 cells, to point out some of the remaining gaps in our current knowledge, and to suggest a few unifying physiological principles that could account for these seemingly disparate observations. Based on the various effects attributed to the C1 cells and what is currently known of their synaptic inputs, we propose that these neurons are, figuratively speaking, the body's "emergency medical technicians." By this we imply that these neurons produce stereotyped autonomic, metabolic, and neuroendocrine responses designed to help the organism survive major acute physical stresses such as accidental, pathological, or dive-related hypoxia or physical injury and its associated cohort of acute infection, blood loss, and hypotension. These emergency responses include, in the short term and depending on the stress, vasoconstriction, cardioinhibition, or acceleration, breathing stimulation, antidiuresis, changes in metabolism, and gastrointestinal (GI) functions designed to conserve pe...

show abstract

Section: C1 Cells Hypotension and Baroreflexesmentioning

confidence: 85%

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

Guyenet

Stornetta

Bochorishvili

et al. 2013

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

249

262

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many other studies have shown the existence of adrenergic neurons in the medullar reticular formation that make restricted connections to a few pontine and diencephalic nuclei, eventually coursing as far rostrally as the paraventricular nucleus of the dorsal midline thalamus (Armstrong et al, 1982, Chamba and Renaud, 1983, Goodchild et al, 1984, Ross et al, 1984b, Stolk et al, 1984, Bloom, 2006. It is recognized nowadays that ADR synthesizing neurons are involved in cardiovascular homeostasis in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions (Moore and Bloom, 1979, Goodchild et al, 1984, Reis et al, 1984, Ross et al, 1984a, Johansson et al, 1997.…”

Section: Historic Introduction and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Indeed, Loewi demonstrated the presence of an "acceleranstoff" released from sympathetic neurons that innervated the heart of frogs (Loewi, 1921), later found to be ADR (Loewi, 1936, Azuma et al, 1965, Norberg and McIsaac, 1967. The presence of ADR in the mammalian central nervous system was recognized both in biochemical and neuroanatomical studies (Lew et al, 1977, Pendleton et al, 1978, Moore and Bloom, 1979, Armstrong et al, 1982, Goodchild et al, 1984. The existence and function of only ADRsynthesizing neurons are not without controversy (Mefford, 1987).…”

Section: Historic Introduction and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The confirmation of specific neurons in the central nervous system that contain ADR occurred after the development of sensitive enzymatic assays and immunocytochemical staining techniques for phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of ADR (Axelrod, 1962, Lew et al, 1977, Pendleton et al, 1978. Subsequently, neuroanatomical studies using antibodies against PNMT showed the presence of ADRsynthesizing neurons in the C1, C2, and C3 cell groups of the medulla oblongata and the nucleus tractus solitarii in multiple species (Goodchild et al, 1984, Carlton et al, 1987, Carlton et al, 1991, including humans (Burke et al, 1986, Halliday et al, 1988, Kitahama et al, 1988. Many other studies have shown the existence of adrenergic neurons in the medullar reticular formation that make restricted connections to a few pontine and diencephalic nuclei, eventually coursing as far rostrally as the paraventricular nucleus of the dorsal midline thalamus (Armstrong et al, 1982, Chamba and Renaud, 1983, Goodchild et al, 1984, Ross et al, 1984b, Stolk et al, 1984, Bloom, 2006.…”

Section: Historic Introduction and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, neuroanatomical studies using antibodies against PNMT showed the presence of ADRsynthesizing neurons in the C1, C2, and C3 cell groups of the medulla oblongata and the nucleus tractus solitarii in multiple species (Goodchild et al, 1984, Carlton et al, 1987, Carlton et al, 1991, including humans (Burke et al, 1986, Halliday et al, 1988, Kitahama et al, 1988. Many other studies have shown the existence of adrenergic neurons in the medullar reticular formation that make restricted connections to a few pontine and diencephalic nuclei, eventually coursing as far rostrally as the paraventricular nucleus of the dorsal midline thalamus (Armstrong et al, 1982, Chamba and Renaud, 1983, Goodchild et al, 1984, Ross et al, 1984b, Stolk et al, 1984, Bloom, 2006. It is recognized nowadays that ADR synthesizing neurons are involved in cardiovascular homeostasis in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions (Moore and Bloom, 1979, Goodchild et al, 1984, Reis et al, 1984, Ross et al, 1984a, Johansson et al, 1997.…”

Section: Historic Introduction and Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the reticular formation of the rat brainstem: Catecholamine content and spinal projections

et al. 2000

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Calbindin-D28k (calbindin) is a calcium-binding protein that is distributed widely in the rat brain. The localisation of calbindin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata and its colocalisation with adrenaline-synthesising neurons [phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-immunoreactive (PNMT-IR)] was examined (Granata and Chang [1994] Brain Res. 645:265-277). However, detailed information about the distribution of calbindin-IR neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata in particular is lacking. In this report, the authors address this issue with an emphasis on the quantitation of calbindin-IR neurons, catecholamine neurons [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR, or PNMT-IR], and spinally projecting neurons in the ventral brainstem. Rats received injections of the retrograde tracing agent cholera toxin B (CTB) into the thoracic spinal cord or into the superior cervical ganglion. Immunocytochemistry was used to reveal calbindin, TH, PNMT, and CTB immunoreactivity. Ten calbindin-IR cell groups were identified within the pontomedullary reticular formation. Seven previously undescribed but distinct clusters of calbindin-IR neurons were found. Within the ventral pons, a population of calbindin-IR neurons occurred dorsal but adjacent to the A5 cell group. These calbindin-IR neurons did not contain either TH or PNMT immunoreactivity, and few if any of these neurons projected to the spinal cord. A distinct group of calbindin-IR neurons was present in the ventral medulla. Seventy-five percent of these calbindin-IR neurons contained TH immunoreactivity, 45% contained PNMT immunoreactivity, and 21% were spinally projecting neurons. Spinally projecting, calbindin-IR neurons were a subpopulation of PNMT-IR cells. In the caudal ventral medulla, no TH-IR or PNMT-IR cells were calbindin-IR. In the intermediolateral cell column, close appositions of calbindin-IR terminals on identified sympathetic preganglionic neurons as well as calbindin-IR synapses indicated that these neurons may affect directly the sympathetic outflow. The results demonstrate for the first time the existence of a new subpopulation of spinally projecting, PNMT-IR neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla.

show abstract

Evidence that adrenaline neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla have a vasopressor function

Cited by 80 publications

References 16 publications

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

C1 neurons: the body's EMTs

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline: Partners and Actors in the Same Play"

Calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in the reticular formation of the rat brainstem: Catecholamine content and spinal projections

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