Evidence that carbohydrate-to-fat ratio and taste, but not energy density or NOVA level of processing, are determinants of food liking and food reward

Rogers, Peter J.; Vural, Yeliz; Berridge-Burley, Niamh; Butcher, Chloe; Cawley, Elin; Gao, Ziwei; Sutcliffe, Abigail; Tinker, Lucy; Zeng, Xiting; Flynn, Annika N.; Brunstrom, Jeffrey M.; Brand-Miller, J.C.

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.107124

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…The underpowered pilot study also reported minimal differences in appetite ratings after UPF or MPF meals [ 72 ]. In an online virtual study asking a convenience sample to imagine taking a bite from a range of foods, whereby UPFs provided a greater desire to eat (reward), greater taste intensity and were liked more (taste pleasantness) than MPFs independent of energy density, but not more so than PFs [ 85 ]. In summary, this suggests a potentially increased wanting to consume UPFs, but similar liking to MPFs when consumed to satiety, but with different resulting energy intakes.…”

Section: Mechanisms: What Drives the Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-processed Food and Obesity: What Is the Evidence?

Dicken,

Batterham

2024

Curr Nutr Rep

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Purpose of Review Obesity is a growing global healthcare concern. A proposed driver is the recent increase in ultra-processed food (UPF) intake. However, disagreement surrounds the concept of UPF, the strength of evidence, and suggested mechanisms. Therefore, this review aimed to critically appraise the evidence on UPF and obesity. Recent Findings Observational studies demonstrate positive associations between UPF intake, weight gain, and overweight/obesity, more clearly in adults than children/adolescents. This is supported by high-quality clinical data. Several mechanisms are proposed, but current understanding is inconclusive. Summary Greater UPF consumption has been a key driver of obesity. There is a need to change the obesogenic environment to support individuals to reduce their UPF intake. The UPF concept is a novel approach that is not explained with existing nutrient- and food-based frameworks. Critical analysis of methodologies provides confidence, but future observational and experimental research outputs with greater methodological rigor will strengthen findings, which are outlined.

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Section: Mechanisms: What Drives the Effect?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-processed Food and Obesity: What Is the Evidence?

Dicken,

Batterham

2024

Curr Nutr Rep

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The hedonic overdrive model best explains high‐fat diet‐induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice

Gao,

Hu,

Yang

et al. 2024

Obesity

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ObjectiveHigh‐fat diets cause obesity in male mice; however, the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Here, three contrasting ideas were assessed: hedonic overdrive, reverse causality, and passive overconsumption models.MethodsA total of 12 groups of 20 individually housed 12‐week‐old C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to 12 high‐fat diets with varying fat content from 40% to 80% (by calories), protein content from 5% to 30%, and carbohydrate content from 8.4% to 40%. Body weight and food intake were monitored for 30 days after 7 days at baseline on a standard low‐fat diet.ResultsAfter exposure to the diets, energy intake increased first, and body weight followed later. Intake then declined. The peak energy intake was dependent on both dietary protein and carbohydrate, but not the dietary fat and energy density, whereas the rate of decrease in intake was only related to dietary protein. On high‐fat diets, the weight of food intake declined, but despite this average reduction of 14.4 g in food intake, they consumed, on average, 357 kJ more energy than at baseline.ConclusionsThe hedonic overdrive model fit the data best. The other two models were not supported.

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