Evidence that glutamine, not sugar, is the major energy source for cultured HeLa cells.

Inhibition of oxidative metabolism by nitric oxide restricts EMCV replication selectively in pancreatic beta-cells

“…When cultured in glucose, most cell types produce ATP via glycolysis ( 30 ); however, this shifts to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism when cells are cultured with galactose as the primary carbon source ( 28 ). This occurs because mitochondrial oxidation of glutamine becomes more favorable than glycolytic use of this alternative carbon source ( 28 , 31 , 32 ). Glutamine is deaminated to glutamate by glutaminase and then imported into the mitochondria where it enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate reducing equivalents for oxidative phosphorylation ( 28 , 31 , 32 ).…”

“…This occurs because mitochondrial oxidation of glutamine becomes more favorable than glycolytic use of this alternative carbon source ( 28 , 31 , 32 ). Glutamine is deaminated to glutamate by glutaminase and then imported into the mitochondria where it enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate reducing equivalents for oxidative phosphorylation ( 28 , 31 , 32 ). This shifts ATP generation from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and prevents glycolytic compensation for impaired mitochondrial respiration ( 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 ).…”

“…Glutamine is deaminated to glutamate by glutaminase and then imported into the mitochondria where it enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate reducing equivalents for oxidative phosphorylation ( 28 , 31 , 32 ). This shifts ATP generation from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and prevents glycolytic compensation for impaired mitochondrial respiration ( 27 , 28 , 31 , 32 ). In both a time- and concentration-dependent manner rotenone decreases ATP levels and attenuates the lysis of EMCV-infected MEF when cultured in galactose-, but not when cultured in glucose-containing medium ( Fig.…”

The Development of Tissue Culture Methods for the in Vitro Evaluation of Polysaccharide Wound Management Products

“…The results of the growth of L929 cells in the presence of HC 1 are expressed in figure 4.22(a), and the X differences of the cells relative to the control in increase is yet to be identified. Literature reports indicated that HeLa cells grew better on galactose than on glucose (Reitzer et al 1979). It has been proposed (Christopher 1977) that cells in culture -172 -use a separate pathway to metabolise galactose in addition to glucose.…”

“…Since metabolic studies (Burton et al 1981, Renver 1972, Reitzer 1979, have revealed no correlation between monomer consumption, and cell yield in culture, the reported beneficial effect of monosaccharides in vivo could be the result of removal of microorganisms and debridement of the wound, caused by the osmotic effect of the sugars.…”