Evidences of the expanding Earth from space-geodetic data over solid land and sea level rise in recent two decades

Shen, Wenbin; Shen, Zhongjie; Sun, Rong; Barkin, Yu. V.

doi:10.1016/j.geog.2015.05.006

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…On the data published so far by NASA, the rate of increase of Earth radius comes out at 2.4 ± 0.8 cm/year means 17.6 ± 5.0 cm/year increase in circumference, which would mean between 12,600 and 22,600 km increase in all great circles since the Middle Cretaceous, and account for all new ocean floor growth at the spreading ridges since the Early Cretaceous without any subduction supporting [61] contention for slow expansion until the Mesozoic, but very rapid expansion since Middle Cretaceous. According to the space geodetic data recorded globally and gravimetric observations support the aforesaid conclusion that Earth is expanding at a rate of 0.24±0.05 mm/year in recent two decades [62].…”

Section: Paleopole Paleogravity and Earth's Diametermentioning

confidence: 69%

Collision of Indian Plate and Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone: Some Geological Constraints

Khan¹,

Tewari²,

Hota³

2017

EARTH

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Abstract:The occurrence of Gondwana affinity Permo-Carboniferous glacial deposits in northern Tibet, Lhasa Block and Qiangtang Block obviously suggests that India continued into Tibet at that time. Significant also is that paleoclimatic continuity was maintained over landmass of India and Tibet from Paleozoic through the Cenozoic eras up to the Pleistocene. The age and origin of the Indus-Tsangpo Suture (ITS) is doubtful because the ophiolites are about 100 Ma older than the supposed collision. Similarly, the progressive under-thrusting of the Indian plate below the Tibetan plate is deemed unlikely, as the ophiolites must have formed an 8-20 km thick wall between the two plates and it was not possible for the Indian Plate to cross it. Probably the apparent northward migration of India indicates a northward migration of the North Pole. Similarly, there is no explanation for the fact that, if underthrusting has taken place, why did the Himalayan uplift occur some 500 km from the Indus-Tsangpo suture instead of being along the collision zone itself, negate under thrusting. The double thickness of the crust in Tibet is not a unique feature in that it continues south of the so-called Indus-Tsangpo suture, as also in the Pamir; it is of about the same order in the Andes. Whereas the Tibetan glacial indicate that India and Tibet were not separated in the Carboniferous, Lystrosaurus fauna suggests it for the Lower Triassic and the ophiolites for the Jurassic-Cretaceous. The development of rift valleys and normal faults cutting across the Indus-Tsangpo suture (ITS) shows that even in the Quaternary India and Tibet was together. Indeed, the measured Cambrian diameter is 50% of the Earth where as in Upper Permian it was about 55-60% with the North Pole near Verkhoyansk and the South Pole to the southeast of South Africa. Evidently the Earth is expanding and the rate of expansion has progressively accelerated through time is supported by decline in the gravitational constant from about one third to about one half of the present from Precambrian up to Mesozoic.

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Section: Paleopole Paleogravity and Earth's Diametermentioning

confidence: 69%

Collision of Indian Plate and Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone: Some Geological Constraints

Khan¹,

Tewari²,

Hota³

2017

EARTH

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“…The same error was made in the past by several expansionists, who attributed to me an expansion rate of more than two centimetres per year for the radius. However, I have clearly and repeatedly expressed full confidence in the results of spatial geodesy, which estimates current growth of the terrestrial radius in fractions of a millimetre per year (Scalera 2012b;Shen, 2011Shen, , 2015, also confirmed by other evaluation methods (Xu et al, 2014(Xu et al, , 2016(Xu et al, , 2019. Minor corrections can result from neglected effects due to the expansion of the globe.…”

Section: Moderatism Extremism and Finally Realism: Pulsating Expansionmentioning

confidence: 79%

An Expanding Earth - A reply to two recent denial papers

Scalera¹

2020

ROL

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In the March 2019 issue of the Rendiconti Online of the SGI, a geologist continued his attack on the theory of terrestrial expansion (Sudiro, 2019), this time focusing on the implications that paleomagnetic data, particularly the paleopoles, have as evidence for the expanding Earth concept. An initial more general publication on the subject by the same author appeared in the EGU History of the Earth Sciences journal in 2014 (Sudiro, 2014). The present paper demonstrates the inadequacy of many of the criticisms formulated in the above publications, making it clear that the Expanding Earth is not an outdated idea from the historical-scientific contingencies of the past, but instead a scientific concept that is very much alive and with very interesting future prospects. The evidential value of the paleopole data and catalogues is specifically defended here, together with the TPW and its link to the opening of the Pacific Ocean. The numerous lines of research that have emerged on the basis of EE are briefly described in a non-exhaustive review. The failure to recognise the expansion of celestial bodies as a phenomenon could be a contributing factor to the current state of crisis in Physics and Cosmology.

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“…Such processing has neglected the contributions from the core and the mantle. If we take the referred radius of the Earth to be 6371 km and the referred E g of the Earth to be −2.2 × 10 32 J under the assumption of a uniform and spherically symmetric Earth

(E_{g} = - 4 π \int ρ (r) g (r) r^{2} normald r)

, the rate of the radius caused by coseismic deformations is −0.6 mm/a which may be different from the geodetic observations [ Shen et al , ]. This result should arouse the attention of the current issue of the expanding Earth only concluded from the ground geodetic observations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coseismic changes of gravitational potential energy induced by global earthquakes based on spherical‐Earth elastic dislocation theory

Chun

Chao

2017

JGR Solid Earth

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We compute the coseismic gravitational potential energy Eg change using the spherical‐Earth elastic dislocation theory and either the fault model treated as a point source or the finite fault model. The rate of the accumulative Eg loss produced by historical earthquakes from 1976 to 2016 (about 42,000 events) using the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Solution catalogue is estimated to be on the order of −2.1 × 1020 J/a, or −6.7 TW (1 TW = 1012 W), amounting to 15% in the total terrestrial heat flow. The energy loss is dominated by the thrust faulting, especially the megathrust earthquakes such as the 2004 Sumatra earthquake (Mw 9.0) and the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (Mw 9.1). It is notable that the very deep focus events, the 1994 Bolivia earthquake (Mw 8.2) and the 2013 Okhotsk earthquake (Mw 8.3), produced significant overall coseismic Eg gain according to our calculation. The accumulative coseismic Eg is mainly lost in the mantle of the Earth and also lost in the core of the Earth but with a relatively smaller magnitude. By contrast, the crust of the Earth gains gravitational potential energy cumulatively because of the coseismic deformations. We further investigate the tectonic signature in the coseismic crustal Eg changes in some complex tectonic zone, such as Taiwan region and the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. We found that the coseismic Eg change is consistent with the regional tectonic character.

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Evidences of the expanding Earth from space-geodetic data over solid land and sea level rise in recent two decades

Cited by 11 publications

References 20 publications

Collision of Indian Plate and Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone: Some Geological Constraints

Collision of Indian Plate and Indus Tsangpo Suture Zone: Some Geological Constraints

An Expanding Earth - A reply to two recent denial papers

Coseismic changes of gravitational potential energy induced by global earthquakes based on spherical‐Earth elastic dislocation theory

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