Evidencing the contribution of social enterprise to health and social care: approaches and considerations

Abstract

Purpose As the provision of public services in many advanced welfare states has increasingly come to be marked by competition, social enterprises have actively been encouraged by governments to become involved in the delivery of public services. While the evaluation of complex public health interventions has arguably become increasingly more sophisticated, this has not been the case where social enterprise is concerned: evaluation of the actual impacts of social enterprises remains significantly underdeveloped by comparison. This study aims to support the establishment of a robust evidence base for the use of social enterprise as a policy instrument. Design/methodology/approach This paper assesses the potential of three methodological approaches common in the evaluation of complex public health interventions and applies them to the complex realm of community-led social enterprise. Findings Only through the involvement of different comparator groups, based on the research questions addressed, would it be possible to disentangle the embedded characteristics of organisations such as social enterprises. Each of the methods adopted in this research is time-consuming and resource-intensive and requires the researcher to possess advanced skills. Public officials should recognise the complexity and resource-intensive nature of such evaluation and resource it accordingly. If the aim of policymakers is to understand the added value of social enterprise organisations, an integrative research approach combining different research methods and design should be implemented to improve generalisability. Originality/value This study applies a range of favoured approaches to evaluate “complex” public health interventions include systematic reviews, realist evaluation and quasi-experimental investigation. However, such evaluation approaches have rarely been applied before in the context of social enterprise.

Common health assets protocol: a mixed-methods, realist evaluation and economic appraisal of how community-led organisations (CLOs) impact on the health and well-being of people living in deprived areas

“…Our starting point is represented by a conceptual model that was developed based on a the ‘CommonHealth’ programme of research (http://www.commonhealth.uk/). This has been augmented with findings from qualitative research;14 23 assets theory3 24 25 and practice-based models of health creation and community development10 26 27 (figure 3 conceptual model). The model sets out the potential pathways of effect, from CLOs’ activities through to changes in health and well-being.…”

Social Impact Measurement: A Systematic Literature Review and Future Research Directions

“…10. Given the sheer volume of measurement models that exist and the debate on the possibility of an ideal way to measure social impact [21,97], research gaps remain in the SIM field. While there may not be a "one-size-fits-all" approach to SIM, standardization of measurement models and indicators could provide the ability to calculate collective impact towards transformational goals like SDGs.…”

How Within-Study Comparisons can Inform Research and Evaluation Design for the Third Sector

“…In some cases, evaluators may consider using multiple comparison groups. These could be composed of similar individuals with demonstrated need being served by another, publicly run service, as well as similar individuals with demonstrated need not receiving the intervention (Calo ´et al, 2021). However, requiring geographic similarity may actually introduce bias if selection bias is due more to individual-level factors than geographic-level factors or if the pool of potential matches is small (Unlu et al, 2021).…”