“…4P medicine). On the other hand, this more fine–grained and deeper knowledge, especially on within–individual patterns, may also be abused to manipulate persons (Matz et al, 2017) for economic and political reasons. Many other professions, and within the field of psychology especially industrial and organizational (I–O) psychologists (Guzzo, Fink, King, Tonidandel, & Landis, 2015; Whelan & DuVernet, 2015), have already discussed Big Data and its pitfalls, but mostly with a more global focus, thus overlooking the ‘individual–level–perspective on big data’ (Karim, Willford, & Behrend, 2015, p. 527).…”