Evolution by gene duplication: an update

Zhang, Jianzhi

doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(03)00033-8

Cited by 1,923 publications

(1,686 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Theory predicts that both positive and purifying selection can occur after gen(om)e duplication events. Although the fate of most duplicated genes is nonfunctionalization (e.g., Ohno 1970;Zhang 2003), models of adaptive evolution by gene duplication (Hughes 1999) predict that soon after a duplication event positive selection acts on mutations that lead to new or enhanced functions (i.e., neofunctionalization).…”

Section: Deciphering the Selection Pressure Acting Upon The Endothelimentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Two Endothelin Pathways in East African Cichlid Fishes

Diepeveen

Salzburger

2011

J Mol Evol

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The adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes in East Africa have been associated with the acquisition of evolutionary novelties as well as the ecological opportunities existing in the East African Great lakes. Two remarkable evolutionary innovations are the pharyngeal jaw apparatus, found in all cichlid species, and the anal fin egg-spots of mouthbrooding cichlids. Based on their conserved functions during the development of both the jaw apparatus and pigmentation, the endothelin ligands and receptors form a putative link between these naturally and sexually selected traits. Here we study the evolutionary history of four members of two endothelin pathways (Edn1/EdnrAa and Edn3b/EdnrB1a) to elucidate their possible roles during the evolution and development of key innovations in East African cichlids species. The analyses performed on partial sequences (ca. 6,000 bp per taxon) show that all four endothelin family members evolved under purifying selection, although both ligands are characterized by an accelerated rate of protein evolution in comparison to the receptors. In accordance with earlier findings, we show that the mature protein sequence of Edn1 and Edn3 are highly conserved, also in cichlids, whereas the preproendothelin parts are variable indicating relaxed selective constraints. In the receptors, nonsynonymous substitutions were mainly found in the ligand-binding domains suggesting functional divergence. Gene expression assays with Real-Time PCR indeed reveal that the two studied endothelin pathways are expressed in the cichlid pharyngeal jaw and in the haplochromine egg-spot (among other pigment-cell containing tissues), suggesting their involvement during morphogenesis of naturally and sexually selected traits in cichlids.

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Section: Deciphering the Selection Pressure Acting Upon The Endothelimentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Two Endothelin Pathways in East African Cichlid Fishes

Diepeveen

Salzburger

2011

J Mol Evol

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“…Following gene duplication, the functional and regulatory divergence of the different copies of an ancestral gene may contribute to the generation of evolutionary novelties (Hahn 2009;Lynch 2007;Nei and Rooney 2005;Ohno 1970;Zhang 2003). The relaxins and insulin-like genes provide an interesting example of the evolutionary versatility that can be generated by the differentiation of duplicated genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Relaxin/Insulin-like Gene Family in Placental Mammals: Implications for Its Early Evolution

Hoffmann

Opazo

2010

J Mol Evol

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The relaxin (RLN) and insulin-like (INSL) gene family is a group of genes involved in a variety of physiological roles that includes bone formation, testicular descent, trophoblast development, and cell differentiation. This family appears to have expanded in vertebrates relative to non-vertebrate chordates, but the relative contribution of whole genome duplications (WGDs) and tandem duplications to the observed diversity of genes is still an open question. Results from our comparative analyses favor a model of divergence post vertebrate WGDs in which a single-copy progenitor found in the last common ancestor of vertebrates experienced two rounds of WGDs before the functional differentiation that gave rise to the RLN and INSL genes. One of the resulting paralogs was subsequently lost, resulting in three proto-RLN/INSL genes on three separate chromosomes. Subsequent rounds of tandem gene duplication and divergence originated the set of paralogs found on a given cluster in extant vertebrates. Our study supports the hypothesis that differentiation of the RLN and INSL genes took place independently in each RLN/INSL cluster after the two WGDs during the evolutionary history of vertebrates. In addition, we show that INSL4 represents a relatively old gene that has been apparently lost independently in all Euarchontoglires other than apes and Old World monkeys, and that RLN2 derives from an ape-specific duplication.

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“…1): Duplication of one or more existing genes can help evolution to reuse previously found functional elements. Duplication is thought to have been an important mechanism in natural evolution (Zhang, 2003;Soskine and Tawfik, 2010). The duplicated elements are free to subsequently diversify in their function and em- ployment.…”

Section: Neatfields: Goals and Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%