Evolution, Classification, and Host Relationships of Siphonaptera

Holland, George P.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.09.010164.001011

Cited by 60 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Linardi 1977, Botelho & Linardi 1980, Cerqueira & Linardi 1981. Linardi and Guimarães (2000), based on the study of Holland (1964), classified the hosts of fleas into four groups: primitive (those who introduce the flea species into a certain area), primary (those who are more frequently parasitized and that maintain the local infection), secondary (those that can act in the maintenance and survival of a given Siphonaptera species) and, accidental (accidents, casual occurrences or laboratory contamination).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-ectoparasite specificity in a small mammal community in an area of Atlantic Rain Forest (Ilha Grande, State of Rio de Janeiro), Southeastern Brazil

Bittencourt

Rocha

2003

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Host-ectoparasite specificity in a small mammal community in an area of Atlantic Rain Forest (Ilha Grande, State of Rio de Janeiro), Southeastern Brazil

Bittencourt

Rocha

2003

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Those which live on hosts without regular nesting sites have hypertrophied anchoring devices and would be highly promiscuous (Hopkins 1957;Traub 1980). Speaking of host association of fleas Holland (1964) stated that some species of fleas will breed on only a single species or genus of animal (as all Amphalius, Geusibia and Ctenophyllus spp. on Ochotona spp.)…”

Section: Flea-host Associationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host dependency among haematophagous insects: A case study on flea-host association

Prasad

1987

Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.)

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Obligatory haematophagy is the end result of long standing interspecific associations. Present day specificities to host, blood meal and physiological stage of the host are all offshoots of the primitive interspecific associations. The cause/effect relationship of these dependencies and specificities are probably based on the route through which haematophagy evolved in different groups of insects.In the present analysis, flea-host association is taken into consideration. It is possible to find an array of host relationships ranging from promiscuous and catholic host associations to strict ones. In general 3 categories may be recognized. In fieas like Xenopsylla cheopis a utilizable protein in an optimum concentration gives the necessary stimuli for maturation (Cheopis-type), while in a second group the stimuli is provided by certain circulating hormones of the host (Cuniculi-type) as seen in rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi and in a third group (Monositus-type) a priming period characterized by tissue fluid feeding and neosomy is necessary before whole blood diet can stimulate maturation as exemplified by Tunga spp.It appears that vertebrate associations of Siphonaptera initiated as adaptations to .the nest microhabitat and haematophagy and adaptations to physical/chemical factors of epidermal habitat being subsequent developments.

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“…Many ectoparasites of terrestrial vertebrates are nidicolous arthropods that live on burrowing hosts. These ectoparasites spend much of their time in the host's burrow, which provides an environment for living, and often feeding, to preimaginal and/or adult stages (Holland, 1964). These ectoparasites usually alternate between spending time on and off the body of their host; thus, they must contend with the two types of environment: (i) the environment on board the host, including its immune and behavioral responses; and (ii) the off-host environment, including the physical conditions inside the host's burrow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the long, shared evolutionary history of ectoparasites and their hosts (Holland, 1964;Waage, 1979;Balashov, 1984;Barker, 1994;Krasnov, 2008), it is likely that ectoparasites of burrowing rodents, such as fleas, encounter periods of increased F CO2 . We therefore hypothesized that fleas have also evolved adaptations for living in environments with high F CO2 , and thus predicted that high F CO2 will not affect their fitness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All adult fleas are obligate hematophages and most fleas alternate periods when they occur on their host and when they occur in its burrow or nest. Finally, in almost all flea species, with few exceptions, pre-imaginal development is off-host, so both adult and pre-imaginal fleas are strongly affected by environmental factors (Holland, 1964;Marshall, 1981;Krasnov et al, 2001aKrasnov et al, ,b, 2002. For example, survival and development rates of fleas change with ambient temperature and relative humidity (Krasnov et al, 2001a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flea fitness is reduced by high fractional concentrations of CO2 that simulate levels found in their hosts' burrows

Downs

Pinshow

Khokhlova

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Nidicolous ectoparasites such as fleas and gamasid mites that feed on small and medium-sized mammals spend much of their time in their hosts' burrows, which provide an environment for living, and often feeding, to their pre-imaginal and/or adult stages. Thus, these ectoparasites should be adapted to environmental conditions in burrows, including high fractional concentrations of CO 2 (F CO2 ). We examined how a high F CO2 (0.04) affected survival and reproductive success of a hematophagous ectoparasite of burrowing rodents using fleas Xenopsylla ramesis and Sundevall's jirds Meriones crassus. In the first experiment, fleas fed on hosts housed in high-CO 2 (F CO2 =0.04) or atmospheric-CO 2 (F CO2 ≈0.0004) air, and were allowed to breed. In a second experiment, fleas were maintained in high CO 2 or CO 2 -free air with no hosts to determine how CO 2 levels affect survival and activity levels. We found that at high F CO2 fleas laid fewer eggs, reducing reproductive success. In addition, at high F CO2 , activity levels and survival of fleas were reduced. Our results indicate that fleas do not perform well in the F CO2 used in this experiment. Previous research indicated that the type and intensity of the effects of CO 2 concentration on the fitness of an insect depend on the F CO2 used, so we advise caution when generalizing inferences drawn to insects exposed to other F CO2 . If, however, F CO2 found in natural mammal burrows brings about reduced fitness in fleas in general, then burrowing hosts may benefit from reduced parasite infestation if burrow air F CO2 is high.

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Evolution, Classification, and Host Relationships of Siphonaptera

Cited by 60 publications

References 0 publications

Host-ectoparasite specificity in a small mammal community in an area of Atlantic Rain Forest (Ilha Grande, State of Rio de Janeiro), Southeastern Brazil

Host-ectoparasite specificity in a small mammal community in an area of Atlantic Rain Forest (Ilha Grande, State of Rio de Janeiro), Southeastern Brazil

Host dependency among haematophagous insects: A case study on flea-host association

Flea fitness is reduced by high fractional concentrations of CO2 that simulate levels found in their hosts' burrows

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