Evolution of a vent-hosted hydrothermal system beneath Ruapehu Crater Lake, New Zealand

Christenson, Bruce; Wood, C. P.

doi:10.1007/bf00301808

Cited by 180 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For most of the time it has been observed, the active vent area of Ruapehu was covered by Crater Lake, which before 1995 contained 9 x 10 6 m 3 of water (Christenson et al 1992;Christenson & Wood 1993). Crater Lake before 1995 was situated at 2540 m altitude, surrounded by glaciers, and overflowed into the Whangaehu River.…”

Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

1995 Ruapehu lahars in relation to the late Holocene lahars of Whangaehu River, New Zealand

Cronin

Hodgson

Neall

et al. 1997

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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Observations of active flows, their deposits, and the effects of lahars generated during the 1995 eruptions of Ruapehu are compared to those of the last 2000 years. The 1995 lahars were generated by similar mechanisms, and had similar volumes and flow rheologies, to those of the last 135 years. However, the large number of lahars in the 1995 sequence and the eventual emptying of the entire Crater Lake on Mt Ruapehu by lahars is distinctive in the context of the historic record. The 1953 and 1975 lahars, although of smaller total volume than the largest 1995 lahar, had higher peak discharges and consequently greater effects on life and property within 57 km from the source. This implies that failure of a lake dam is the most efficient mechanism for generating a fast lahar with high peak discharge, and that eruptions through Crater Lake are more efficient at generating a lahar with high peak discharge when the lake is full.The scant 1995 lahar deposits preserved indicate that the geological record of lahars is likely to be incomplete and biased to events of greatest magnitude. Given this limitation, lahars which formed deposits of the prehistoric (>135 years old) Onetapu Formation were of larger magnitude in all respects, and often more concentrated with sediment, than those of the last 140 years (including 1995). In order to generate such events, catastrophic total emptying of Crater Lake is required. Alternatively, some of the events may have been the result of small flank collapses on the eastern slopes of Ruapehu. These larger events are less frequent than small eruption-triggered lahars on Ruapehu, but they may be preceded by little or no warning. Future lahar hazard mitigation strategies in the Whangaehu River should begin with improving the detection and early warning of such flows. G96042

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Section: Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

1995 Ruapehu lahars in relation to the late Holocene lahars of Whangaehu River, New Zealand

Cronin

Hodgson

Neall

et al. 1997

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…It has been suggested that an increase in Mg in acidic waters precedes volcanic eruptions as it was first shown by Giggenbach (1974) for Ruapehu crater lake and this phenomenon was repeated later at Ruapehu and Copahue volcanoes (Christenson and Wood, 1993;Varekamp et al, 2001). Giggenbach (1974) suggested that this is a response on the intrusion of new magma into the acidic aquifer.…”

Section: Water Chemistry: Major Componentsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…An inserted ternary plot in Fig. 9 compares the data points for Poas, Ruapehu and Copahue crater lakes (Rowe et al, 1992;Christenson and Wood, 1993;Varekamp et al, 2001) with the data for the Ebeko + Yurieva composition.…”

Section: Water Chemistry: Major Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcano–hydrothermal system of Ebeko volcano, Paramushir, Kuril Islands: Geochemistry and solute fluxes of magmatic chlorine and sulfur

Kalacheva

Taran

Котенко

et al. 2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Ebeko volcano at the northern part of Paramushir Island in the Kuril island arc produces frequent phreatic eruptions and relatively strong fumarolic activity at the summit area~1000 m above sea level (asl). The fumaroles are characterized by low-temperature, HCl-and S-rich gas and numerous hyper-acid pools (pH b 1) without drains. At~550 m asl, in the Yurieva stream canyon, many hot (up to 87°C) springs discharge ultra-acidic (pH 1-2) SO 4 -Cl water into the stream and finally into the Sea of Okhotsk. During quiescent stages of degassing, these fumaroles emit 1000-2000 t/d of water vapor, b 20 t/d of SO 2 and b 5 t/d of HCl. The measurement of acidic hot Yurieva springs shows that the flux of Cl and S, 60-80 t/d each, is independent on the volcanic activity in the last two decades. Such high flux of Cl is among the highest ever measured in a volcano-hydrothermal system. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of water and Cl concentration for Yurieva springs show an excellent positive correlation, indicating a mixing between meteoric water and magmatic vapor. In contrast, volcanic gas condensates of Ebeko fumaroles do not show a simple mixing trend but rather a complicated data suggesting evaporation of the acidic brine. Temperatures calculated from gas compositions and isotope data are similar, ranging from 150 to 250°C, which is consistent with the presence of a liquid aquifer below the Ebeko fumarolic fields. Saturation indices of non-silicate minerals suggest temperatures ranging from 150 to 200°C for Yurieva springs. Trace elements (including REE) and Sr isotope composition suggest congruent dissolution of the Ebeko volcanic rocks by acidic waters. Waters of Yurieva springs and waters of the summit thermal fields (including volcanic gas condensates) are different in Cl/SO 4 ratios and isotopic compositions, suggesting complicated boiling-condensationmixing processes.

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“…It is around ten times larger than Ruapehu's Crater Lake (Christenson and Wood, 1993), which has had a long history of destructive lahars produced directly by explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions (Cronin et al, 1997). Chemical changes in Ambae summit lakes, particularly lake Voui (Fig.…”

Section: Eruption Intensity and Lahar Events Lake Vouimentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the summit lakes of Ambae volcano and their potential for generating lahars

Bani

Join

Cronin

et al. 2009

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Volcanic eruptions through crater lakes often generate lahars, causing loss of life and property. On Ambae volcano, recent eruptive activities have rather tended to reduce the water volume in the crater lake (Lake Voui), in turn, reducing the chances for outburst floods. Lake Voui occupies a central position in the summit caldera and is well enclosed by the caldera relief. Eruptions with significantly higher magnitude than that of 1995 and 2005 are required for an outburst. A more probable scenario for lahar events is the overflow from Lake Manaro Lakua bounded on the eastern side by the caldera wall. Morphology and bathymetry analysis have been used to identify the weakest point of the caldera rim from which water from Lake Manaro Lakua may overflow to initiate lahars. The 1916 disaster described on south-east Ambae was possibly triggered by such an outburst from Lake Manaro Lakua. Taking into account the current level of Lake Manaro Lakua well below a critical overflow point, and the apparently low potential of Lake Voui eruptions to trigger lahars, the Ambae summit lakes may not be directly responsible for numerous lahar deposits identified around the Island.

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Evolution of a vent-hosted hydrothermal system beneath Ruapehu Crater Lake, New Zealand

Cited by 180 publications

References 21 publications

1995 Ruapehu lahars in relation to the late Holocene lahars of Whangaehu River, New Zealand

1995 Ruapehu lahars in relation to the late Holocene lahars of Whangaehu River, New Zealand

Volcano–hydrothermal system of Ebeko volcano, Paramushir, Kuril Islands: Geochemistry and solute fluxes of magmatic chlorine and sulfur

Characteristics of the summit lakes of Ambae volcano and their potential for generating lahars

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