Evolution of Belongingness: Its Past, Present, and Future

The Effects of a Collegiate Recovery Community Psychotherapy Program Incorporating Equine Interaction during the COVID-19 Pandemic on Young Adults with Substance Abuse Disorder

“…Skill development may be reflected by personal security scores and, as such, future studies looking at the impact of PIE may consider incorporating participant skill evaluation as this may help to support improvements seen in emotional safety. Further, according to Lee et al [48], college-aged students demonstrating improved equine handling skills also reported improved confidence. While not significant, the biggest change in CRC-PIE participants seen in emotional safety scores for the current study was in the category of self-esteem; thus, these scores could be reflective of skill development as a product of the PIE sessions.…”

“…All participants were given a self-reporting survey instrument as described by Cagle-Holtcamp et al [43] for evaluating emotional safety immediately prior to the first therapy session (FS) and immediately after the last therapy session (LS) for both the PIE and CBT programs. The evaluation was a 60-question survey instrument compiled from the following previously validated evaluations to assess the four aspects of emotional safety (personal security, respect, self-esteem, and connectivity): the Emotional Needs Scale (Questions 1-10) [44] and the GAD-7 (Questions 11-17) [45] measuring personal security; the Trust/Respect Assessment (Questions 18-34) [46] measuring respect; the Self-Esteem Inventory (Questions 35-46) [47] measuring self-esteem; and the Social Connectedness Scale (Questions 47-60) [48] measuring connectivity. When scoring this survey, questions with a positive point of view were scored as follows: Always-1, Sometimes-2, Seldom-3, Never-4, and N/A-0.…”