Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

Watkins, Erik B.; Velizhanin, Kirill A.; Dattelbaum, Dana M.; Gustavsen, R. L.; Aslam, Tariq D.; Podlesak, David W.; Huber, Rachel C.; Firestone, Millicent A.; Ringstrand, Bryan; Willey, Trevor M.; Bagge‐Hansen, Michael; Hodgin, Ralph; Lauderbach, Lisa; Buuren, T. van; Sinclair, Nicholas; Rigg, P. A.; Seifert, Söenke; Gög, T.

doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b05637

Cited by 54 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering (TR-SAXS) and scatter beam imaging (SBI) were performed at the Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, at the Dynamic Compression Sector 35-ID-B [9,10,12,13], and at Sector 32-ID-B [14][15][16] in the LLNL detonation tank [10]. Detonations were fired in the vacuum vessel at < 200 mTorr, with Kapton TM (polyimide) windows sealing the vacuum and providing x-ray transmission.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Observation of Variations in Condensed Carbon Morphology Dependent on Composition B Detonation Conditions

Hammons

Nielsen

Bagge‐Hansen

et al. 2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Carbon particulates generated during detonation depend upon high explosive type, composition, and detonation conditions. Although explosive composition greatly affects particulates, the focus of this work is on how detonation geometries that induce much higher temperatures and pressures in the high explosive lead to differing particulate morphologies. In this study, two geometries were used: Detonations were initiated in Composition B cylinders at one end in conventional detonations and initiated at both ends to produce colliding detonations. Each of these detonations was observed on the sub‐μs timescale using fast radiography capturing images of the front moving through the cylinder, and colliding detonation fronts in real‐time. These imaging experiments were complemented with time‐resolved small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) experiments that were able to observe and determine the varying condensed carbon morphologies at different locations and times in each detonation. The detonations could be timed in such a way that the spatial and temporal dependence of the carbon morphology could be superimposed onto radiography images collected at the same point in time. The complementary approach is able to show that the carbon condensates are much larger when formed in the elevated temperature and pressure conditions near the location of colliding detonation fronts. Thermochemical modeling suggests that these larger particulates form either in the diamond phase or on the liquidus line of the carbon phase diagram. The increase in size observed by SAXS may correlate well with the increased residence time deeply in the diamond phase. These particulates can be described as nano‐sized phases with some surface texture or otherwise near‐surface intra‐particle heterogeneity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kinetics of nanoparticle formation during detonation are also under investigation with reported formation timescales varying from microseconds to hundreds of nanoseconds . This discrepancy thus far persists and has not yet been fully resolved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation of Variations in Condensed Carbon Morphology Dependent on Composition B Detonation Conditions

Hammons

Nielsen

Bagge‐Hansen

et al. 2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…Time-resolved SAXS measurements were performed within a LLNL detonation tank at the Dynamic Compression Sector located at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, within the special purpose hutch (35-IDB) 21,24,29,30,39 or at 32-IDB 40 . Single pellets of HE were placed into a spring-loaded fixture with a piezo timing pin (Dynasen) positioned at the center, top of the sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation

et al. 2019

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Transit through the carbon liquid phase has significant consequences for the subsequent formation of solid nanocarbon detonation products. We report dynamic measurements of liquid carbon condensation and solidification into nano-onions over ∽200 ns by analysis of time-resolved, small-angle X-ray scattering data acquired during detonation of a hydrogen-free explosive, DNTF (3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan). Further, thermochemical modeling predicts a direct liquid to solid graphite phase transition for DNTF products ~200 ns post-detonation. Solid detonation products were collected and characterized by high-resolution electron microscopy to confirm the abundance of carbon nano-onions with an average diameter of ∽10 nm, matching the dynamic measurements. We analyze other carbon-rich explosives by similar methods to systematically explore different regions of the carbon phase diagram traversed during detonation. Our results suggest a potential pathway to the efficient production of carbon nano-onions, while offering insight into the phase transformation kinetics of liquid carbon under extreme pressures and temperatures.

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“…Our current treatment of carbon (based mostly on graphite shock data [31]) is particularly crude: as diamond at pressures P≳20 GPa, and as graphite at P≲20 GPa. X-ray-based methods are promising in their ability to penetrate the optically dense, high-pressure–temperature product mixture, and we have recently reported the evolution of carbon particle size and morphology in a detonating explosive in situ [102,103].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shock-Driven Decomposition of Polymers and Polymeric Foams

Dattelbaum

Coe

2019

Polymers

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Polymers and foams are pervasive in everyday life, as well as in specialized contexts such as space exploration, industry, and defense. They are frequently subject to shock loading in the latter cases, and will chemically decompose to small molecule gases and carbon (soot) under loads of sufficient strength. We review a body of work—most of it performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory—on polymers and foams under extreme conditions. To provide some context, we begin with a brief review of basic concepts in shockwave physics, including features particular to transitions (chemical reaction or phase transition) entailing an abrupt reduction in volume. We then discuss chemical formulations and synthesis, as well as experimental platforms used to interrogate polymers under shock loading. A high-level summary of equations of state for polymers and their decomposition products is provided, and their application illustrated. We then present results including temperatures and product compositions, thresholds for reaction, wave profiles, and some peculiarities of traditional modeling approaches. We close with some thoughts regarding future work.

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Evolution of Carbon Clusters in the Detonation Products of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosive PBX 9502

Cited by 54 publications

References 45 publications

Observation of Variations in Condensed Carbon Morphology Dependent on Composition B Detonation Conditions

Observation of Variations in Condensed Carbon Morphology Dependent on Composition B Detonation Conditions

Detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions via liquid carbon condensation

Shock-Driven Decomposition of Polymers and Polymeric Foams

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