Evolution of clinical pharmacy practice and pharmacy education in Taiwan, Vietnam, and Indonesia: A narrative review

Lin, Hsin‐Hung; Yang, Lin-Chun; Mafruhah, Okti Ratna; Nguyen, Hien-Anh Thi; Cao, Thao T. B.; Yam, Felix K.

doi:10.1002/jac5.1258

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The person in charge of pharmacy must be responsible for the sales, management and operation of the pharmacies himself. Male pharmacists working in pharmacies are under more pressure [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-Based Study on Cancer Incidence in Pharmacist: A Cohort Study in Taiwan

Lin

Pai

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Cancer is increasing in rate globally and is leading cause of death among no communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) after cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most of the research focuses on the risk of occupational injury, job stress, mental illness, substance abuse and workplace safety in physicians and nurses. However, fewer studies have investigated the risk of cancer in pharmacists. We compared the matched general population to investigate the risk of cancer in pharmacists in Taiwan. Data were obtained from the Health and Welfare Data Science Center of the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan. We established a pharmacist group that included 11,568 pharmacists and selected a 4-fold comparison (n = 46,272) for the non-clinics comparison group, frequency being matched by age, gender and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score. The pharmacists had a lower but non-significant risk of all cancer (Adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85–1.07) compared with the general population. Female pharmacists had a higher risk of cancer than male pharmacists ([aHR] = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.06–1.43). Pharmacists had higher risks of breast cancer in females (aHR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.35–2.08) and of prostate cancer in males (aHR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.35–2.08) when compared with the general population. Occupational risk factors could play a role, but they were not evaluated. These epidemiological findings require additional studies to clarify cancer risk mechanisms in pharmacists.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population-Based Study on Cancer Incidence in Pharmacist: A Cohort Study in Taiwan

Lin

Pai

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…The exam consists of of two types of test: the Computer Based Test (CBT) with an emphasis on knowledge test and Observed Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) on skill test. 83 Passing the exam is a requirement for prospective pharmacist to obtain competency certificate prior to registration. The number of students undertaking the exam has been fluctuative every year with the portion of students passed the exam at the first trial tended to decrease.…”

Section: Way Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Indonesia

Hermansyah¹,

Wulandari²,

Kristina³

et al. 2020

Pharm Pract (Granada)

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The practice of community pharmacy in low and middle-income countries, including in Indonesia, is often described as in the state of infancy with several intractable barriers that have been substantially and continuously hampering the practice. Such description might be valid in highlighting how pharmacy is practiced and the conditions within and beyond community pharmacy organizations. Therefore, it is not surprising that the concept of integrating community pharmacy into the primary care system may not be considered in the contemporary discourse despite the fact that community pharmacy has been operating within communities for years. However, in the case of Indonesia, we argue that changes in the health care system within the past decade particularly with the introduction of the universal health coverage (UHC) in 2014, may have significantly amplified the role of pharmacists. There is good evidence which highlights the contribution of pharmacist as a substantial health care element in primary care practice. The initiative for employing pharmacist, identified in this article as primary care pharmacist, in the setting of community health center [puskesmas] and the introduction of affiliated or contracted community pharmacy under the UHC have enabled pharmacist to work together with other primary care providers. Moreover, government agenda under the “Smart Use of Medicines” program [Gema Cermat] recognizes pharmacists as the agent of change for improving the rational use of medicines in the community. Community pharmacy is developing, albeit slowly, and is able to grasp a novel position to deliver pharmacy-related primary care services to the general public through new services, for example drug monitoring and home care. Nevertheless, integrating community pharmacy into primary care is relatively a new notion in the Indonesian setting, and is a challenging process given the presence of barriers in the macro, meso- and micro-level of practice.

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“…In developed countries, consultation-based prescribing capabilities improve pharmacists’ efficiency [ 14 , 15 ]. In developing countries, hospital pharmacists rely on drug-centered knowledge [ 16 ], while those having received more education carry out clinical work in a wider range [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of education background with clinical pharmacists’ clinical pharmacy workload in tertiary hospitals of China

et al. 2022

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Background Workload of healthcare providers may affect the quality of healthcare. Practical evidences have indicated that healthcare providers are differentially associated with workload due to their different education and training background. Clinical pharmacists are an indispensable part of medical teams. Under the precondition that clinical pharmacists in China generally undertake uneven clinical pharmacy workload, the relationship of workload and clinical pharmacists’ different education backgrounds remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the association between the education background of clinical pharmacists and their clinical pharmacy workload in China. Methods A field questionnaire survey using a stratified sampling was conducted to gather data on education background and clinical pharmacy workload through a self-developed instrument. Ordinary least squares regression was used to evaluate the association of the participants’ education background with their clinical pharmacy workload. Results A total of 625 clinical pharmacists from 311 tertiary hospitals in China participated. Two levels of education: less than bachelor’s degree in general pharmacy, or doctoral degree in clinical pharmacy was associated significantly with clinical pharmacy workload of the participants. Participants who had credentials of national level and provincial-level specialized training for clinical pharmacists had undertaken more work than those without. Moreover, the participants’ specialized field, such as respiratory medicine and nephrology, was associated with their clinical pharmacy workload. Conclusion Enhancing several aspects of education or training among clinical pharmacists in tertiary hospitals in China may help improve their capability to provide clinical pharmacy services. Efforts are needed to improve the education and training system of clinical pharmacists in China.

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Evolution of clinical pharmacy practice and pharmacy education in Taiwan, Vietnam, and Indonesia: A narrative review

Cited by 7 publications

References 13 publications

Population-Based Study on Cancer Incidence in Pharmacist: A Cohort Study in Taiwan

Population-Based Study on Cancer Incidence in Pharmacist: A Cohort Study in Taiwan

Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Indonesia

Association of education background with clinical pharmacists’ clinical pharmacy workload in tertiary hospitals of China

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